Molecular Genetics and Cytotoxic Responses to Titanium Diboride and Zinc Borate Nanoparticles on Cultured Human Primary Alveolar Epithelial Cells

• Published in: Materials Vol. 15; no. 7; p. 2359
• Main Authors: Türkez, Hasan, Arslan, Mehmet Enes, Tatar, Arzu, Özdemir, Özlem, Sönmez, Erdal, Çadirci, Kenan, Hacimüftüoğlu, Ahmet, Ceylan, Bahattin, Açikyildiz, Metin, Kahraman, Cigdem Yuce, Geyikoğlu, Fatime, Tatar, Abdulgani, Mardinoglu, Adil
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 22-03-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Biocompatibility; Biomedical materials; Cell adhesion; Cell culture; Cell division; Cytotoxicity; Dehydrogenases; Epithelium; Ethanol; Exposure; human primary alveolar epithelial cell cultures; in vitro; Industrial areas; Lipid metabolism; Lipids; Melting points; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Proteins; Regeneration (physiology); Spectrum analysis; Strings; Surgical implants; Thermal conductivity; Thermal resistance; Tissue engineering; Titanium; Titanium diboride; toxicogenomic responses; Wear resistance; Zinc borate; Zinc oxides; St Louis Missouri; United States > US; titanium diboride; nanoparticles; toxicogenomic responses; zinc borate; human primary alveolar epithelial cell cultures; in vitro
• ISSN: 1996-1944; 1996-1944
• DOI: 10.3390/ma15072359

Titanium diboride (TiB
) and zinc borate (Zn
BO
) have been utilized in wide spectrum industrial areas because of their favorable properties such as a high melting point, good wear resistance, high hardness and thermal conductivity. On the other hand, the biomedical potentials of TiB
and Zn
BO
are still unknown because there is no comprehensive analysis that uncovers their biocompatibility features. Thus, the toxicogenomic properties of TiB
and Zn
BO
nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated on human primary alveolar epithelial cell cultures (HPAEpiC) by using different cell viability assays and microarray analyses. Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Functional Enrichment Analysis (STRING) was used to associate differentially expressed gene probes. According to the results, up to 10 mg/L concentration of TiB
and Zn
BO
NPs application did not stimulate a cytotoxic effect on the HPAEpiC cell cultures. Microarray analysis revealed that TiB
NPs exposure enhances cellular adhesion molecules, proteases and carrier protein expression. Furthermore, Zn
BO
NPs caused differential gene expressions in the cell cycle, cell division and extracellular matrix regulators. Finally, STRING analyses put forth that inflammation, cell regeneration and tissue repair-related gene interactions were affected by TiB
NPs application. Zn
BO
NPs exposure significantly altered inflammation, lipid metabolism and infection response activator-related gene interactions. These investigations illustrated that TiB
and Zn
BO
NPs exposure may affect different aspects of cellular machineries such as immunogenic responses, tissue regeneration and cell survival. Thus, these types of cellular mechanisms should be taken into account before the use of the related NPs in further biomedical applications.