Multimodality magnetic resonance imaging in hepatic encephalopathy: An update

Hepatic encephalopathy(HE) is a neuropsychiatric complication of cirrhosis or acute liver failure. Currently, HE is regarded as a continuous cognitive impairment ranging from the mildest stage, minimal HE to overt HE. Hyperammonaemia and neuroinflammation are two main underlying factors which contri...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	World journal of gastroenterology : WJG Vol. 20; no. 32; pp. 11262 - 11272
Main Authors:	Zhang, Xiao-Dong, Zhang, Long-Jiang, Wu, Sheng-Yong, Lu, Guang-Ming
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Baishideng Publishing Group Inc 28-08-2014
Subjects:	Biomarkers - blood Brain - metabolism Brain - pathology Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging encephalopathy Hepatic Hepatic Encephalopathy - blood Hepatic Encephalopathy - diagnosis Hepatic Encephalopathy - pathology Humans imaging Magnetic Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Multimodal Imaging - methods Oxygen - blood Perfusion Imaging Predictive Value of Tests resonance Review Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Default-mode network Magnetic resonance imaging Blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging Diffusion weighted imaging Hepatic encephalopathy
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Summary:	Hepatic encephalopathy(HE) is a neuropsychiatric complication of cirrhosis or acute liver failure. Currently, HE is regarded as a continuous cognitive impairment ranging from the mildest stage, minimal HE to overt HE. Hyperammonaemia and neuroinflammation are two main underlying factors which contribute to the neurological alterations in HE. Both structural and functional impairments are found in the white mater and grey mater involved in HE. Although the investigations into HE pathophysiological mechanism are enormous, the exact pathophysiological causes underlying HE remain controversial. Multimodality magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) plays an important role in helping to understand the pathological process of HE. This paper reviews the up-to-date multimodality MRI methods and predominant findings in HE patients with a highlight ofthe increasingly important role of blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI.
Bibliography:	Xiao-Dong Zhang;Long-Jiang Zhang;Sheng-Yong Wu;Guang-Ming lu;Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical School, Southern Medical University;Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University;Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Institute of Tianjin ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 Telephone: +86-25-80860185 Fax: +86-25-80860185 Correspondence to: Long-Jiang Zhang, Associate Professor, Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 305 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China. kevinzhlj@163.com Author contributions: All authors contributed equally to this work; Zhang LJ and Lu GM designed the research; Zhang XD, Zhang LJ, Wu SY and Lu GM wrote the paper.
ISSN:	1007-9327 2219-2840
DOI:	10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11262