Responsible agriculture must adapt to the wetland character of mid‐latitude peatlands

Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil loss rates of ~2.0 cm yr−1 and are estimated to account for 32% of global cropland emissions while producing only 1.1% of crop kilocalories....

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Published in:	Global change biology Vol. 28; no. 12; pp. 3795 - 3811
Main Authors:	Freeman, Benjamin W. J., Evans, Chris D., Musarika, Samuel, Morrison, Ross, Newman, Thomas R., Page, Susan E., Wiggs, Giles F. S., Bell, Nicholle G. A., Styles, David, Wen, Yuan, Chadwick, David R., Jones, Davey L.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-06-2022 John Wiley and Sons Inc
Subjects:	Agricultural land Agriculture carbon Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide emissions Climate change Climate change mitigation Drainage Drainage systems Economics Emissions Emissions control Farm buildings Food security Global climate Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases Groundwater table hydrology Land management Livelihoods Mitigation paludiculture Peatlands Private sector Restoration Review Reviews Soil erosion soil loss Water depth Water management Water table Water table depth Wetland agriculture Wetlands greenhouse gases paludiculture hydrology peatlands carbon climate change mitigation wetland agriculture soil loss
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Abstract	Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil loss rates of ~2.0 cm yr−1 and are estimated to account for 32% of global cropland emissions while producing only 1.1% of crop kilocalories. Carbon dioxide emissions account for >80% of their terrestrial GHG emissions and are largely controlled by water table depth. Reducing drainage depths is, therefore, essential for responsible peatland management. Peatland restoration can substantially reduce emissions. However, this may conflict with societal needs to maintain productive use, to protect food security and livelihoods. Wetland agriculture strategies will, therefore, be required to adapt agriculture to the wetland character of peatlands, and balance GHG mitigation against productivity, where halting emissions is not immediately possible. Paludiculture may substantially reduce GHG emissions but will not always be viable in the current economic landscape. Reduced drainage intensity systems may deliver partial reductions in the rate of emissions, with smaller modifications to existing systems. These compromise systems may face fewer hurdles to adoption and minimize environmental harm until societal conditions favour strategies that can halt emissions. Wetland agriculture will face agronomic, socio‐economic and water management challenges, and careful implementation will be required. Diversity of values and priorities among stakeholders creates the potential for conflict. Successful implementation will require participatory research approaches and co‐creation of workable solutions. Policymakers, private sector funders and researchers have key roles to play but adoption risks would fall predominantly on land managers. Development of a robust wetland agriculture paradigm is essential to deliver resilient production systems and wider environmental benefits. The challenge of responsible use presents an opportunity to rethink peatland management and create thriving, innovative and green wetland landscapes for everyone's future benefit, while making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation. Peatlands are a globally important but diminishing and irrecoverable carbon store. Hydrology is a dominant driver of peatland ecosystem function, and water table depth is a strong predictor of peatland greenhouse gas emissions. Responsible management requires agriculture to adapt to the wetland character of peatlands. Wetland agriculture strategies could increase the resilience of production systems, deliver a wider range of environmental benefits and protect these valuable ecosystems for everyone's future benefit, whilst making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation efforts.
AbstractList	Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil loss rates of ~2.0 cm yr −1 and are estimated to account for 32% of global cropland emissions while producing only 1.1% of crop kilocalories. Carbon dioxide emissions account for >80% of their terrestrial GHG emissions and are largely controlled by water table depth. Reducing drainage depths is, therefore, essential for responsible peatland management. Peatland restoration can substantially reduce emissions. However, this may conflict with societal needs to maintain productive use, to protect food security and livelihoods. Wetland agriculture strategies will, therefore, be required to adapt agriculture to the wetland character of peatlands, and balance GHG mitigation against productivity, where halting emissions is not immediately possible. Paludiculture may substantially reduce GHG emissions but will not always be viable in the current economic landscape. Reduced drainage intensity systems may deliver partial reductions in the rate of emissions, with smaller modifications to existing systems. These compromise systems may face fewer hurdles to adoption and minimize environmental harm until societal conditions favour strategies that can halt emissions. Wetland agriculture will face agronomic, socio‐economic and water management challenges, and careful implementation will be required. Diversity of values and priorities among stakeholders creates the potential for conflict. Successful implementation will require participatory research approaches and co‐creation of workable solutions. Policymakers, private sector funders and researchers have key roles to play but adoption risks would fall predominantly on land managers. Development of a robust wetland agriculture paradigm is essential to deliver resilient production systems and wider environmental benefits. The challenge of responsible use presents an opportunity to rethink peatland management and create thriving, innovative and green wetland landscapes for everyone's future benefit, while making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation. Peatlands are a globally important but diminishing and irrecoverable carbon store. Hydrology is a dominant driver of peatland ecosystem function, and water table depth is a strong predictor of peatland greenhouse gas emissions. Responsible management requires agriculture to adapt to the wetland character of peatlands. Wetland agriculture strategies could increase the resilience of production systems, deliver a wider range of environmental benefits and protect these valuable ecosystems for everyone's future benefit, whilst making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation efforts. Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil loss rates of ~2.0 cm yr −1 and are estimated to account for 32% of global cropland emissions while producing only 1.1% of crop kilocalories. Carbon dioxide emissions account for >80% of their terrestrial GHG emissions and are largely controlled by water table depth. Reducing drainage depths is, therefore, essential for responsible peatland management. Peatland restoration can substantially reduce emissions. However, this may conflict with societal needs to maintain productive use, to protect food security and livelihoods. Wetland agriculture strategies will, therefore, be required to adapt agriculture to the wetland character of peatlands, and balance GHG mitigation against productivity, where halting emissions is not immediately possible. Paludiculture may substantially reduce GHG emissions but will not always be viable in the current economic landscape. Reduced drainage intensity systems may deliver partial reductions in the rate of emissions, with smaller modifications to existing systems. These compromise systems may face fewer hurdles to adoption and minimize environmental harm until societal conditions favour strategies that can halt emissions. Wetland agriculture will face agronomic, socio‐economic and water management challenges, and careful implementation will be required. Diversity of values and priorities among stakeholders creates the potential for conflict. Successful implementation will require participatory research approaches and co‐creation of workable solutions. Policymakers, private sector funders and researchers have key roles to play but adoption risks would fall predominantly on land managers. Development of a robust wetland agriculture paradigm is essential to deliver resilient production systems and wider environmental benefits. The challenge of responsible use presents an opportunity to rethink peatland management and create thriving, innovative and green wetland landscapes for everyone's future benefit, while making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation. Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil loss rates of ~2.0 cm yr and are estimated to account for 32% of global cropland emissions while producing only 1.1% of crop kilocalories. Carbon dioxide emissions account for >80% of their terrestrial GHG emissions and are largely controlled by water table depth. Reducing drainage depths is, therefore, essential for responsible peatland management. Peatland restoration can substantially reduce emissions. However, this may conflict with societal needs to maintain productive use, to protect food security and livelihoods. Wetland agriculture strategies will, therefore, be required to adapt agriculture to the wetland character of peatlands, and balance GHG mitigation against productivity, where halting emissions is not immediately possible. Paludiculture may substantially reduce GHG emissions but will not always be viable in the current economic landscape. Reduced drainage intensity systems may deliver partial reductions in the rate of emissions, with smaller modifications to existing systems. These compromise systems may face fewer hurdles to adoption and minimize environmental harm until societal conditions favour strategies that can halt emissions. Wetland agriculture will face agronomic, socio-economic and water management challenges, and careful implementation will be required. Diversity of values and priorities among stakeholders creates the potential for conflict. Successful implementation will require participatory research approaches and co-creation of workable solutions. Policymakers, private sector funders and researchers have key roles to play but adoption risks would fall predominantly on land managers. Development of a robust wetland agriculture paradigm is essential to deliver resilient production systems and wider environmental benefits. The challenge of responsible use presents an opportunity to rethink peatland management and create thriving, innovative and green wetland landscapes for everyone's future benefit, while making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation. Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil loss rates of ~2.0 cm yr−1 and are estimated to account for 32% of global cropland emissions while producing only 1.1% of crop kilocalories. Carbon dioxide emissions account for >80% of their terrestrial GHG emissions and are largely controlled by water table depth. Reducing drainage depths is, therefore, essential for responsible peatland management. Peatland restoration can substantially reduce emissions. However, this may conflict with societal needs to maintain productive use, to protect food security and livelihoods. Wetland agriculture strategies will, therefore, be required to adapt agriculture to the wetland character of peatlands, and balance GHG mitigation against productivity, where halting emissions is not immediately possible. Paludiculture may substantially reduce GHG emissions but will not always be viable in the current economic landscape. Reduced drainage intensity systems may deliver partial reductions in the rate of emissions, with smaller modifications to existing systems. These compromise systems may face fewer hurdles to adoption and minimize environmental harm until societal conditions favour strategies that can halt emissions. Wetland agriculture will face agronomic, socio‐economic and water management challenges, and careful implementation will be required. Diversity of values and priorities among stakeholders creates the potential for conflict. Successful implementation will require participatory research approaches and co‐creation of workable solutions. Policymakers, private sector funders and researchers have key roles to play but adoption risks would fall predominantly on land managers. Development of a robust wetland agriculture paradigm is essential to deliver resilient production systems and wider environmental benefits. The challenge of responsible use presents an opportunity to rethink peatland management and create thriving, innovative and green wetland landscapes for everyone's future benefit, while making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation. Peatlands are a globally important but diminishing and irrecoverable carbon store. Hydrology is a dominant driver of peatland ecosystem function, and water table depth is a strong predictor of peatland greenhouse gas emissions. Responsible management requires agriculture to adapt to the wetland character of peatlands. Wetland agriculture strategies could increase the resilience of production systems, deliver a wider range of environmental benefits and protect these valuable ecosystems for everyone's future benefit, whilst making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation efforts. Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil loss rates of ~2.0 cm yr−1 and are estimated to account for 32% of global cropland emissions while producing only 1.1% of crop kilocalories. Carbon dioxide emissions account for >80% of their terrestrial GHG emissions and are largely controlled by water table depth. Reducing drainage depths is, therefore, essential for responsible peatland management. Peatland restoration can substantially reduce emissions. However, this may conflict with societal needs to maintain productive use, to protect food security and livelihoods. Wetland agriculture strategies will, therefore, be required to adapt agriculture to the wetland character of peatlands, and balance GHG mitigation against productivity, where halting emissions is not immediately possible. Paludiculture may substantially reduce GHG emissions but will not always be viable in the current economic landscape. Reduced drainage intensity systems may deliver partial reductions in the rate of emissions, with smaller modifications to existing systems. These compromise systems may face fewer hurdles to adoption and minimize environmental harm until societal conditions favour strategies that can halt emissions. Wetland agriculture will face agronomic, socio‐economic and water management challenges, and careful implementation will be required. Diversity of values and priorities among stakeholders creates the potential for conflict. Successful implementation will require participatory research approaches and co‐creation of workable solutions. Policymakers, private sector funders and researchers have key roles to play but adoption risks would fall predominantly on land managers. Development of a robust wetland agriculture paradigm is essential to deliver resilient production systems and wider environmental benefits. The challenge of responsible use presents an opportunity to rethink peatland management and create thriving, innovative and green wetland landscapes for everyone's future benefit, while making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation.
Author	Freeman, Benjamin W. J. Styles, David Evans, Chris D. Jones, Davey L. Bell, Nicholle G. A. Wen, Yuan Chadwick, David R. Morrison, Ross Page, Susan E. Musarika, Samuel Newman, Thomas R. Wiggs, Giles F. S.
AuthorAffiliation	3 UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford Oxfordshire UK 5 6396 School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford Oxfordshire UK 4 4488 School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester Leicestershire UK 6 School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Midlothian UK 2 UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor Gwynedd UK 7 Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland 9 SoilsWest Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems Food Futures Institute Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia 1 1506 School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor Gwynedd UK 8 34752 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural University Beijing China
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 5 6396 School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford Oxfordshire UK – name: 9 SoilsWest Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems Food Futures Institute Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia – name: 3 UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford Oxfordshire UK – name: 8 34752 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural University Beijing China – name: 6 School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Midlothian UK – name: 1 1506 School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor Gwynedd UK – name: 2 UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor Gwynedd UK – name: 4 4488 School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester Leicestershire UK – name: 7 Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland
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Copyright	2022 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2022. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Keywords	greenhouse gases paludiculture hydrology peatlands carbon climate change mitigation wetland agriculture soil loss
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Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd John Wiley and Sons Inc
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Snippet	Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil...
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SubjectTerms	Agricultural land Agriculture carbon Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide emissions Climate change Climate change mitigation Drainage Drainage systems Economics Emissions Emissions control Farm buildings Food security Global climate Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases Groundwater table hydrology Land management Livelihoods Mitigation paludiculture Peatlands Private sector Restoration Review Reviews Soil erosion soil loss Water depth Water management Water table Water table depth Wetland agriculture Wetlands
Title	Responsible agriculture must adapt to the wetland character of mid‐latitude peatlands
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