Risk-taking and recovery in task-oriented dialogue
The Principle of Parsimony states that people usually try to complete tasks with the least effort that will produce a satisfactory solution. In task-oriented dialogue, this produces a tension between conveying information carefully to the partner and leaving it to be inferred, risking a misunderstan...
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| Published in: | Journal of pragmatics Vol. 26; no. 1; pp. 71 - 107 |
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| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Amsterdam
Elsevier B.V
01-07-1996
Elsevier North-Holland Pub. Co |
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| Abstract | The Principle of Parsimony states that people usually try to complete tasks with the least effort that will produce a satisfactory solution. In task-oriented dialogue, this produces a tension between conveying information carefully to the partner and leaving it to be inferred, risking a misunderstanding and the need for recovery. Using natural dialogue examples, primarily from the HCRC Map Task, we apply the Principle of Parsimony to a range of information types and identify a set of applicable recovery strategies. We argue that risk-taking and recovery are crucial for efficient dialogue because they pinpoint which information must be transferred and allow control of the interaction to switch to the participant who can best guide the course of the dialogue. |
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| AbstractList | The Principle of Parsimony states that people usually try to complete tasks with the least effort that will produce a satisfactory solution. In task-oriented dialogue, this produces a tension between conveying information carefully to the partner and leaving it to be inferred, risking a misunderstanding and the need for recovery. Using natural dialogue examples, primarily from the HCRC Map Task, we apply the Principle of Parsimony to a range of information types and identify a set of applicable recovery strategies. We argue that risk-taking and recovery are crucial for efficient dialogue because they pinpoint which information must be transferred and allow control of the interaction to switch to the participant who can best guide the course of the dialogue. The principle of parsimony (POP) is applied to natural examples of dialogue from a database collected by the Human Communication Research Centre (HCRC) at the U of Edinburgh & from a pilot study conducted by Nigel Shadbolt (1984) in an effort to trace risk-taking & recovery strategies of conversation participants. The POP asserts that an individual will complete a task with the least effort consistent with a satisfactory solution. Twelve risk-taking & eight recovery strategies are identified in these dialogues; these strategies are explained as a consequence of the POP, because they pinpoint which information to convey & allow the individual who can best guide the discussion to control verbal interactions. This suggests that in the long run it may be more cooperative to violate Grice's conversational maxims than to follow them. 18 Figures, 38 References. Adapted from the source document |
| Author | Carletta, Jean Mellish, Christopher S. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jean surname: Carletta fullname: Carletta, Jean email: j.carletta@edinburgh.ac.uk organization: Human Communication Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 2 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh EH8 9LW, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Christopher S. surname: Mellish fullname: Mellish, Christopher S. organization: Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh, 80 South Bridge, Edinburgh EH1 1HN, UK |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/0004-3702(72)90051-3 10.1080/01690969408402111 10.1177/002383099103400404 10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00295.x 10.1016/S0020-7373(86)80041-4 10.1207/s15516709cog1102_4 10.1177/002383098602900203 |
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| Keywords | Comprehension/Understanding;Verstehen Dialogue Interaction Corpus analysis Pragmatics |
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| References | Sussman (BIB34) 1975 Cohen, Levesque (BIB11) 1980 Isard, Carletta (BIB17) 1995 Anderson, Boyle (BIB4) 1994; 9 Wilkins (BIB37) 1988 Greene, Cappella (BIB14) 1986; 29 Brown, Anderson, Shillcock, Yule (BIB6) 1984 Goodman (BIB13) 1986; 12 Moore (BIB26) 1990 Grosz, Sidner (BIB15) 1986; 12 Reiter, Dale (BIB32) 1992 Wu, Horster (BIB38) 1989 Kobsa (BIB19) 1990; 6 Passonneau, Litman (BIB28) 1993 Shadbolt (BIB33) 1984 Kass (BIB18) 1988 Appelt (BIB5) 1985 Hayes (BIB16) 1975 Litman, Allen (BIB22) 1987; 11 Reiter (BIB31) 1990 Carletta (BIB9) 1996; 22 McCoy, Cheng (BIB24) 1988 Mann, Thompson (BIB23) 1987 Carberry (BIB7) 1990 Anderson, Bader, Bard, Boyle, Doherty, Garrod, Isard, Kowtko, McAllister, Miller, Sotillo, Thompson, Weinert (BIB3) 1991; 34 Peachey, McCalla (BIB29) 1986; 24 Fikes, Hart, Nilsson (BIB12) 1972; 3 Paris (BIB27) 1988; 14 Pollack, Israel, Bratman (BIB30) 1987 Carletta (BIB8) 1992 Kowtko, Isard, Doherty (BIB20) 1992 Walker (BIB36) 1992 Cawsey (BIB10) 1992 Ambros-Ingerson (BIB2) 1986; 57 Thompson (BIB35) 1977 Levinson (BIB21) 1983 McKeown (BIB25) 1985 Allen (BIB1) 1983 Sussman (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB34) 1975 Ambros-Ingerson (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB2) 1986; 57 Reiter (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB32) 1992 Kobsa (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB19) 1990; 6 Wilkins (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB37) 1988 Wu (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB38) 1989 Grosz (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB15) 1986; 12 Allen (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB1) 1983 Brown (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB6) 1984 Fikes (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB12) 1972; 3 Reiter (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB31) 1990 Anderson (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB4) 1994; 9 Moore (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB26) 1990 Isard (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB17) 1995 Carberry (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB7) 1990 Carletta (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB8) 1992 Kowtko (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB20) 1992 Thompson (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB35) 1977 Hayes (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB16) 1975 Pollack (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB30) 1987 Walker (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB36) 1992 Greene (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB14) 1986; 29 Levinson (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB21) 1983 McKeown (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB25) 1985 McCoy (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB24) 1988 Paris (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB27) 1988; 14 Anderson (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB3) 1991; 34 Mann (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB23) 1987 Kass (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB18) 1988 Goodman (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB13) 1986; 12 Passonneau (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB28) 1993 Carletta (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB9) 1996; 22 Cohen (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB11) 1980 Appelt (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB5) 1985 Cawsey (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB10) 1992 Shadbolt (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB33) 1984 Peachey (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB29) 1986; 24 Litman (10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB22) 1987; 11 |
| References_xml | – year: 1992 ident: BIB20 article-title: Conversational games within dialogue publication-title: Technical Report HCRC/RP-31 contributor: fullname: Doherty – year: 1990 ident: BIB26 article-title: A reactive approach to explanation in expert and advice-giving systems publication-title: Special Report 251 contributor: fullname: Moore – start-page: 148 year: 1993 end-page: 155 ident: BIB28 article-title: Intention-based segmentation: Human reliability and correlation with linguistic cues publication-title: Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the ACL contributor: fullname: Litman – start-page: 107 year: 1983 end-page: 166 ident: BIB1 article-title: Recognising intentions from natural language utterances publication-title: Computational models of discourse contributor: fullname: Allen – year: 1992 ident: BIB10 article-title: Explanation and interaction: The computer generation of explanatory dialogues contributor: fullname: Cawsey – volume: 29 start-page: 141 year: 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text organization contributor: fullname: Thompson – start-page: 232 year: 1992 end-page: 238 ident: BIB32 article-title: A fast algorithm for the generation of referring expressions publication-title: Proceedings of Fourteenth International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-92) contributor: fullname: Dale – start-page: 107 year: 1983 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB1 article-title: Recognising intentions from natural language utterances contributor: fullname: Allen – volume: 3 start-page: 251 year: 1972 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB12 article-title: Learning and executing generalized robot plans publication-title: Artificial Intelligence doi: 10.1016/0004-3702(72)90051-3 contributor: fullname: Fikes – year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB7 contributor: fullname: Carberry – volume: 9 start-page: 101 issue: 1 year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB4 article-title: Forms of introduction in dialogues: Their discourse contexts and communicative consequences publication-title: Language and Cognitive Processes doi: 10.1080/01690969408402111 contributor: fullname: Anderson – year: 1977 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB35 article-title: Strategy and tactics: A model for language production contributor: fullname: Thompson – start-page: 345 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB36 article-title: Redundancy in collaborative dialogue contributor: fullname: Walker – year: 1983 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB21 contributor: fullname: Levinson – year: 1975 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB34 article-title: A computer model of skill acquisition contributor: fullname: Sussman – volume: 34 start-page: 351 issue: 4 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB3 article-title: The HCRC Map Task Corpus publication-title: Language and Speech doi: 10.1177/002383099103400404 contributor: fullname: Anderson – volume: 6 start-page: 193 year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB19 article-title: Modeling the user's conceptual knowledge in BGP-MS, a user modelling shell system publication-title: Computational Intelligence doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8640.1990.tb00295.x contributor: fullname: Kobsa – year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB26 article-title: A reactive approach to explanation in expert and advice-giving systems contributor: fullname: Moore – year: 1984 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB33 article-title: Constituting reference in natural language: The problem of referential opacity contributor: fullname: Shadbolt – start-page: 263 year: 1980 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB11 article-title: Speech acts and the recognition of shared plans contributor: fullname: Cohen – volume: 57 start-page: 11 year: 1986 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB2 article-title: Relationships between planning and execution publication-title: AISB Quarterly contributor: fullname: Ambros-Ingerson – year: 1987 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB23 contributor: fullname: Mann – volume: 22 issue: 2 year: 1996 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB9 publication-title: Computational Linguistics contributor: fullname: Carletta – volume: 24 start-page: 77 year: 1986 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB29 article-title: Using planning techniques in intelligent tutoring systems publication-title: International Journal of Man-Machine Studies doi: 10.1016/S0020-7373(86)80041-4 contributor: fullname: Peachey – year: 1984 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB6 contributor: fullname: Brown – year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB17 article-title: Transaction and action coding in the map task corpus contributor: fullname: Isard – volume: 14 start-page: 64 issue: 3 year: 1988 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB27 article-title: Tailoring object descriptions to a user's level of expertise publication-title: Computational Linguistics contributor: fullname: Paris – year: 1985 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB5 contributor: fullname: Appelt – volume: 11 start-page: 163 year: 1987 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB22 article-title: A plan recognition model for subdialogues in conversation publication-title: Cognitive Science doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog1102_4 contributor: fullname: Litman – start-page: 181 year: 1975 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB16 article-title: A representation for robot plans contributor: fullname: Hayes – year: 1988 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB37 contributor: fullname: Wilkins – year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB20 article-title: Conversational games within dialogue contributor: fullname: Kowtko – year: 1987 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB30 article-title: Toward an architecture for resource-bounded agents contributor: fullname: Pollack – year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB10 contributor: fullname: Cawsey – start-page: 257 year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB31 article-title: Generating descriptions that exploit a user's domain knowledge contributor: fullname: Reiter – start-page: 232 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB32 article-title: A fast algorithm for the generation of referring expressions contributor: fullname: Reiter – volume: 12 start-page: 273 issue: 4 year: 1986 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB13 article-title: Reference identification and reference identification failures publication-title: Computational Linguistics contributor: fullname: Goodman – start-page: 987 year: 1989 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB38 article-title: Active acquisition for user modeling in dialog systems contributor: fullname: Wu – volume: 12 start-page: 175 issue: 3 year: 1986 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB15 article-title: Attentions, intentions, and the structure of discourse publication-title: Computational Linguistics contributor: fullname: Grosz – start-page: 148 year: 1993 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB28 article-title: Intention-based segmentation: Human reliability and correlation with linguistic cues contributor: fullname: Passonneau – year: 1985 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB25 contributor: fullname: McKeown – volume: 29 start-page: 141 issue: 2 year: 1986 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB14 article-title: Cognition and talk: The relationship of semantic units to temporal patterns of fluency in spontaneous speech publication-title: Language and Speech doi: 10.1177/002383098602900203 contributor: fullname: Greene – year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB8 article-title: Risk-taking and recovery in task-oriented dialogue contributor: fullname: Carletta – year: 1988 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB18 article-title: Acquiring a model of the user's beliefs from a cooperative advisory dialog contributor: fullname: Kass – year: 1988 ident: 10.1016/0378-2166(95)00046-1_BIB24 article-title: Focus of attention: Constraining what can be said next contributor: fullname: McCoy 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| Snippet | The Principle of Parsimony states that people usually try to complete tasks with the least effort that will produce a satisfactory solution. In task-oriented... The principle of parsimony (POP) is applied to natural examples of dialogue from a database collected by the Human Communication Research Centre (HCRC) at the... |
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| Title | Risk-taking and recovery in task-oriented dialogue |
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