Super-harmonic imaging: development of an interleaved phased-array transducer

• Published in: IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Vol. 57; no. 2; pp. 455 - 468
• Main Authors: M. J. Van Neer, Paul L., Matte, Guillaume, Danilouchkine, Mikhail G., Prins, Christian, Van Den Adel, Franc, De Jong, Nico
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY IEEE 01-02-2010; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Acoustic signal processing; Acoustics; Apertures; Arrays; Bandwidth; Biological and medical sciences; Cardiovascular system; Computer Simulation; Contamination; Contrast Media; Dynamic range; Echocardiography, Doppler - instrumentation; Echocardiography, Doppler - methods; Exact sciences and technology; Frequency; Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications); Harmonics; High-resolution imaging; Image resolution; Imaging; Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects); Medical sciences; Noise levels; Nonlinear Dynamics; Normal Distribution; Physics; Transducers; Transfer functions; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonic investigative techniques; Ultrasonic transducers; Ultrasound; Near field; Third harmonic; Human; Ultrasound imaging; Crosstalk; Performance characteristic; Phased array; Artefact; Harmonic generation; Contamination; Harmonic imaging; Subharmonic; Tissue; Second harmonic; Non linear acoustics; Medical imagery; Acoustic antenna; Transfer function; Acoustic image; Higher harmonic; Contrast media
• ISSN: 0885-3010; 1525-8955
• DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2010.1426

For several years, the standard in ultrasound imaging has been second-harmonic imaging. A new imaging technique dubbed "super-harmonic imaging" (SHI) was recently proposed. It takes advantage of the higher-third to fifth-harmonics arising from nonlinear propagation or ultrasound-contrast-agent (UCA) response. Next to its better suppression of near-field artifacts, tissue SHI is expected to improve axial and lateral resolutions resulting in clearer images than second-harmonic imaging. When SHI is used in combination with UCAs, a better contrast-to-tissue ratio can be obtained. The use of SHI implies a large dynamic range and requires a sufficiently sensitive array over a frequency range from the transmission frequency up to its fifth harmonic (bandwidth > 130%). In this paper, we present the characteristics and performance of a new interleaved dual frequency array built chiefly for SHI. We report the rationale behind the design choice, frequencies, aperture, and piezomaterials used. The array is efficient both in transmission and reception with well-behaved transfer functions and a combined -6-dB bandwidth of 144%. In addition, there is virtually no contamination of the harmonic components by spurious transducer transmission, due to low element-to-element crosstalk (< 30 dB) and a low transmission efficiency of the odd harmonics (< 46 dB). The interleaved array presented in this article possesses ideal characteristics for SHI and is suitable for other methods like second-harmonic, subharmonic, and second-order ultrasound field (SURF) imaging.