MSC exosomes mediate cartilage repair by enhancing proliferation, attenuating apoptosis and modulating immune reactivity

• Published in: Biomaterials Vol. 156; pp. 16 - 27
• Main Authors: Zhang, Shipin, Chuah, Shang Jiunn, Lai, Ruenn Chai, Hui, James Hoi Po, Lim, Sai Kiang, Toh, Wei Seong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 01-02-2018
• Subjects: 5'-Nucleotidase - metabolism; Adenosine - pharmacology; Animals; Apoptosis - drug effects; Cartilage; Cartilage - cytology; Cartilage - immunology; Cell Movement - drug effects; Cell Proliferation - drug effects; Cell Survival - drug effects; Chondrocytes; Chondrocytes - cytology; Chondrocytes - drug effects; Cytokines - metabolism; Exosomes; Exosomes - drug effects; Exosomes - metabolism; Extracellular Matrix - metabolism; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators - metabolism; Macrophages; Macrophages - drug effects; Macrophages - metabolism; MAP Kinase Signaling System - drug effects; Mesenchymal stem cells; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - drug effects; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - metabolism; Models, Biological; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt - metabolism; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regeneration; Regeneration - drug effects; Cartilage; Regeneration; Exosomes; Macrophages; Chondrocytes; Mesenchymal stem cells
• ISSN: 0142-9612; 1878-5905
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.028

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosome was previously shown to be effective in repairing critical size osteochondral defects in an immunocompetent rat model. Here we investigate the cellular processes modulated by MSC exosomes and the mechanism of action underlying the exosome-mediated responses in cartilage repair. We observed that exosome-mediated repair of osteochondral defects was characterised by increased cellular proliferation and infiltration, enhanced matrix synthesis and a regenerative immune phenotype. Using chondrocyte cultures, we could attribute the rapid cellular proliferation and infiltration during exosome-mediated cartilage repair to exosomal CD73-mediated adenosine activation of AKT and ERK signalling. Inhibitors of AKT or ERK phosphorylation suppressed exosome-mediated increase in cell proliferation and migration but not matrix synthesis. The role of exosomal CD73 was confirmed by the attenuation of AKT and ERK signalling by AMPCP, a CD73 inhibitor and theophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist. Exosome-treated defects also displayed a regenerative immune phenotype characterised by a higher infiltration of CD163+ regenerative M2 macrophages over CD86+ M1 macrophages, with a concomitant reduction in pro-inflammatory synovial cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Together, these observations demonstrated that the efficient osteochondral regeneration by MSC exosomes was effected through a coordinated mobilisation of multiple cell types and activation of several cellular processes.