Durability and generalization of attribution-based feedback following failure: Effects on expectations and behavioral persistence

• Published in: Psychology of sport and exercise Vol. 18; pp. 68 - 74
• Main Authors: Rascle, Olivier, Le Foll, David, Charrier, Maxime, Higgins, Nancy C., Rees, Tim, Coffee, Pete
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01-05-2015; Elsevier
• Subjects: Attributional feedback; Functional/dysfunctional attributions; Humanities and Social Sciences; Life Sciences; Psychology; Sport psychology; Attributional feedback; Sport psychology; Functional/dysfunctional attributions; Behavioral persistence; Functional - dysfunctional attributions; Sport and Health Sciences
• ISSN: 1469-0292; 1878-5476
• DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.01.003

This experiment investigated, following perceived failure, the immediate, long-term (i.e., durability), and cross-situational (i.e., generalization) effects of attribution-based feedback on expectations and behavioral persistence.
We used a 3 × 2 (Group × Time) experimental design over seven weeks with attributions, expectations of success, and persistence as dependent measures.
49 novice participants were randomly assigned to one of three treatment (attributional feedback) groups: (a) functional (i.e., controllable and unstable); (b) dysfunctional (i.e., uncontrollable and stable); or (c) no feedback. Testing involved three sessions, in which participants completed a total of five trials across two performance tasks (golf-putting and dart-throwing). In order to track whether the attributional manipulation conducted within the context of the golf-putting task in Session 2 would generalize to a new situation, participants performed a dart-throwing task in Session 3, and their scores were compared with those recorded at baseline (in Session 1).
Analysis of pre- and post-intervention measures of attributions, expectations, and persistence revealed that the functional attributional feedback led to more personally controllable attributions following failure in a golf-putting task, together with increases in success expectations and persistence. In contrast, dysfunctional attributional feedback led to more personally uncontrollable and stable attributions following failure, together with lower success expectations and reduced persistence. These effects extended beyond the intervention period, were present up to four weeks post intervention, and were maintained even when participants performed a different (i.e., dart-throwing) task.
The findings demonstrate that attributional feedback effects are durable over time and generalize across situations.
•Functional attributional feedback increased expectations and persistence.•Dysfunctional attributional feedback decreased expectations and persistence.•Attributional feedback effects were maintained four weeks later.•Attributional feedback effects were maintained in the context of a different task.