Beneath the surface: A systematic review on intraoperative imaging techniques for deep margin assessment in oral squamous cell carcinoma

• Published in: Oral oncology Vol. 153; p. 106823
• Main Authors: Adriaansens, C.M.E.M., de Koning, K.J., van Es, R.J.J., de Bree, R., Noorlag, Rob
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01-06-2024
• Subjects: Fluorescence; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Sensitivity and Specificity; Systematic review; Tumor-Free Margin; Ultrasonography; Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Sensitivity and Specificity; Ultrasonography; Fluorescence; Systematic review; Tumor-Free Margin
• ISSN: 1368-8375; 1879-0593; 1879-0593
• DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106823

•Different intraoperative imaging techniques for margin assessment are used.•Ultrasound, MRI and fluorescence can image the entire tumor-free margin.•Ultrasound and fluorescence can image tumors intraorally and ex-vivo.•Fluorescence is able to image residual tumor tissue in the wound bed.•MRI can only be used for scanning the resection specimen ex-vivo.
Resection margins of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are often inadequate. A systematic review on clinical intraoperative whole-specimen imaging techniques to obtain adequate deep resection margins in oral SCC is lacking. Such a review may render better alternatives for the current insufficient intraoperative techniques: palpation and frozen section analyses (FSA). This review resulted in ten publications investigating ultrasound (US), four investigating fluorescence, and three investigating MRI. Both US and fluorescence were able to image the tumor intraorally and perform ex-vivo imaging of the resection specimen. Fluorescence was also able to image residual tumor tissue in the wound bed. MRI could only be used on the ex-vivo specimen. The 95 % confidence intervals for sensitivity and specificity were large, due to the small sample sizes for all three techniques. The sensitivity and specificity of US for identifying < 5 mm margins ranged from 0 % to 100 % and 60 % to 100 %, respectively. For fluorescence, this ranged from 0 % to 100 % and 76 % to 100 %, respectively. For MRI, this ranged from 7 % to 100 % and 81 % to 100 %, respectively. US, MRI and fluorescence are the currently available imaging techniques that can potentially be used intraoperatively and which can image the entire tumor-free margin, although they have insufficient sensitivity for identifying < 5 mm margins. Further research on larger cohorts is needed to improve the sensitivity by determining cut-off points on imaging for inadequate margins. This improves the number of adequate resections of oral SCC’s and pave the way for routine clinical implementation of these techniques.