Exosomes as mediators of signal transmitters in biotoxins toxicity: a comprehensive review

• Published in: Cell biology and toxicology Vol. 40; no. 1; p. 27
• Main Authors: Xu, Tongxiao, Huangfu, Bingxin, He, Xiaoyun, Huang, Kunlun
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 02-05-2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Animals; Biochemistry; Biocompatibility; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - metabolism; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomolecules; Cell Biology; Cell interactions; Deoxyribonucleic acid; Detoxification; DNA; Exosomes; Exosomes - metabolism; Humans; Life Sciences; Lipids; Membranes; Nanomaterials; Nanotechnology; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Review; Reviews; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; Signal Transduction - drug effects; Toxicity; Toxicology; Toxins; Toxins, Biological - metabolism; Toxins, Biological - toxicity; Transmitters; Delivery; Exosome; Immunity; Biotoxin
• ISSN: 1573-6822; 0742-2091; 1573-6822
• DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09867-4

Small membranes known as exosomes surround them and are released by several cell types both in
vitro
and in
vivo
. These membranes are packed with a variety of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA). As a source of biological nanomaterials, exosomes play a role in information and substance transmission between cells and have been identified as a general method of facilitating communication during interactions between the body, target organs, and toxins.. In order to understand the changes and mechanism of the composition and level of exosomes after biotoxin infection, this review focuses on current findings on the exosomes and highlights their novel uses in the toxicity mechanism. Exosomes are mainly used as a delivery carrier or mediated by receptors, and play an immune role after the toxin enters the body. This review expounds on the importance of exosomes in the toxicological mechanism of biotoxins and provides new insights for further diagnosis of toxic biomarkers, detoxification, and treatment development.
Graphical abstract