An Examination of Racial/Ethnic Differences on the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory Among Veterans Completing the Comprehensive Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluation: A Veterans Affairs Million Veteran Program Study

• Published in: Archives of clinical neuropsychology Vol. 38; no. 6; pp. 929 - 943
• Main Authors: Sakamoto, McKenna S, Hanson, Karen L, Chanfreau-Coffinier, Catherine, Lai, Mark H C, Román, Cristina A F, Clark, Alexandra L, Marquine, María J, Delano-Wood, Lisa, Merritt, Victoria C
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Oxford University Press 24-08-2023
• Subjects: Brain Injuries, Traumatic - complications; Ethnicity; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Original Empirical; Veterans - psychology; Symptom validity testing; Traumatic brain injury; Head injury; Assessment
• ISSN: 1873-5843; 0887-6177; 1873-5843
• DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad005

Abstract
Objective
The purpose of this study was to explore racial/ethnic differences in neurobehavioral symptom reporting and symptom validity testing among military veterans with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Method
Participants of this observational cross-sectional study (N = 9,646) were post-deployed Iraq-/Afghanistan-era veterans enrolled in the VA’s Million Veteran Program with a clinician-confirmed history of TBI on the Comprehensive TBI Evaluation (CTBIE). Racial/ethnic groups included White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Multiracial, Another Race, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. Dependent variables included neurobehavioral symptom domains and symptom validity assessed via the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and Validity-10, respectively.
Results
Chi-square analyses showed significant racial/ethnic group differences for vestibular, somatic/sensory, and affective symptoms as well as for all Validity-10 cutoff scores examined (≥33, ≥27, ≥26, >22, ≥22, ≥13, and ≥7). Follow-up analyses compared all racial/ethnic groups to one another, adjusting for sociodemographic- and injury-related characteristics. These analyses revealed that the affective symptom domain and the Validity-10 cutoff of ≥13 revealed the greatest number of racial/ethnic differences.
Conclusions
Results showed significant racial/ethnic group differences on neurobehavioral symptom domains and symptom validity testing among veterans who completed the CTBIE. An enhanced understanding of how symptoms vary by race/ethnicity is vital so that clinical care can be appropriately tailored to the unique needs of all veterans. Results highlight the importance of establishing measurement invariance of the NSI across race/ethnicity and underscore the need for ongoing research to determine the most appropriate Validity-10 cutoff score(s) to use across racially/ethnically diverse veterans.