Durability of shotcrete for underground support– Review and update

• Published in: Construction & building materials Vol. 202; pp. 465 - 493
• Main Authors: Galan, Isabel, Baldermann, Andre, Kusterle, Wolfgang, Dietzel, Martin, Mittermayr, Florian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 30-03-2019
• Subjects: Corrosion; Durability; Leaching; Shotcrete; Sintering; Sprayed concrete; Sulfate attack; Tunnel; Underground; Tunnel; Corrosion; Shotcrete; Sintering; Durability; Underground; Sulfate attack; Leaching; Sprayed concrete
• ISSN: 0950-0618; 1879-0526
• DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.151

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•State-of-the-art about processes and driving forces affecting shotcrete durability.•Focus on leaching, sintering, sulfate attack, freeze-thaw and steel corrosion.•Recommendations to improve shotcrete durability.
Shotcrete is often used for the construction and stabilization of tunnels and other underground structures, where it is susceptible to different forms of physical and chemical attacks affecting its durability. An advanced understanding of the factors that limit the durability of shotcrete is crucial to develop tailored strategies for enhancing its service life. The main focus of this contribution is to shed light on the durability of shotcrete by revising the literature, highlighting what is missing and needs to be addressed, assessing how the knowledge about concrete durability can be transferred to shotcrete, and providing recommendations for durable shotcrete structures.