Comparison of Whole Salivary Cortisol and Interleukin 1-Beta Levels in Light Cigarette-Smokers and Users of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems before and after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy

• Published in: International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 19; no. 18; p. 11290
• Main Authors: Alhumaidan, Abdulkareem A, Al-Aali, Khulud A, Vohra, Fahim, Javed, Fawad, Abduljabbar, Tariq
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 08-09-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Anxiety; Arbitration; Bone loss; Cigarette smoking; Cigarettes; Cortisol; Cytokines; Electronic cigarettes; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Family medical history; Gingival index; Gum disease; Hormones; Humans; Hydrocortisone; IL-1β; Interleukin 1; Investigations; Light levels; Nicotine; Non-Smokers; Oral hygiene; Periodontal disease; Periodontal diseases; Plaque index; Questionnaires; Smokers; Smoking; Statistical analysis; Tobacco Products; Vaping; Saudi Arabia; Atlanta Georgia; United States > US; Riyadh Saudi Arabia; unstimulated whole saliva; cortisol; electronic nicotine delivery systems; interleukin; periodontal disease; smoking
• ISSN: 1660-4601; 1661-7827; 1660-4601
• DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811290

There are no studies that have compared whole salivary cortisol (CL) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) levels in cigarette-smokers (CS) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)-users before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). The aim was to compare whole salivary CL and IL-1β levels in light CS and ENDS users before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Self-reported current CS, ENDS users, and non-smokers were included. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic data. All patients underwent NSPT. Periodontal parameters (probing depth (PD], gingival index (GI], clinical attachment loss (AL], plaque index (PI], and marginal bone loss (MBL]) and whole salivary CL and IL-1β were measured at baseline. At 3-months of follow-up, clinical parameters and whole salivary CL and IL-1β were re-assessed.
-values < 1% were arbitrated as statistically significant. Fifty-four individuals (18 CS, 18 ENDS users, and 18 non-smokers) were included. Clinical AL, MT, PD, PI, and MBL were similar in all groups at baseline. At 12-weeks of follow-up, PI (
< 0.01) and PD (
< 0.01) were high in CS and ENDS-users than non-smokers. Among non-smokers, there was a statistically significant correlation between whole salivary cortisol and IL-1β levels at 12-weeks' follow-up (
< 0.001). There was no difference in whole salivary cortisol and IL-1β levels in CS and ENDS users at baseline and at 12-weeks follow-up. At 12-weeks of follow-up, there was a significant reduction in IL-1β (
< 0.01) and CL (
< 0.01) than baseline. In light CS and ENDS users without periodontal disease, clinical periodontal parameters and whole-salivary CL and Il-1β levels remain unchanged after NSPT.