Real-time monitoring of drug-induced changes in the stomach acidity of living rats using improved pH-sensitive nitroxides and low-field EPR techniques

New improved pH-sensitive nitroxides were applied for in vivo studies. An increased stability of the probes towards reduction was achieved by the introduction of the bulky ethyl groups in the vicinity of the paramagnetic N O fragment. In addition, the range of pH sensitivity of the approach was exte...

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Published in:	Journal of magnetic resonance (1997) Vol. 182; no. 1; pp. 1 - 11
Main Authors:	Potapenko, Dmitrii I., Foster, Margaret A., Lurie, David J., Kirilyuk, Igor A., Hutchison, James M.S., Grigor’ev, Igor A., Bagryanskaya, Elena G., Khramtsov, Valery V.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Elsevier Inc 01-09-2006
Subjects:	Animals Cyclic N-Oxides - chemistry Cyclic N-Oxides - metabolism Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy - methods Gastric Acid - metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Imidazolidines - metabolism In vivo EPR techniques In vivo pH measurement Male Molecular Structure Nitroxide Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Spin Labels Stomach - metabolism Stomach acidity Stomach acidity In vivo pH measurement Nitroxide In vivo EPR techniques
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Abstract	New improved pH-sensitive nitroxides were applied for in vivo studies. An increased stability of the probes towards reduction was achieved by the introduction of the bulky ethyl groups in the vicinity of the paramagnetic N O fragment. In addition, the range of pH sensitivity of the approach was extended by the synthesis of probes with two ionizable groups, and, therefore, with two p K a values. Stability towards reduction and spectral characteristics of the three new probes were determined in vitro using 290 MHz radiofrequency (RF)- and X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), longitudinally detected EPR (LODEPR), and field-cycled dynamic nuclear polarization (FC-DNP) techniques. The newly synthesized probe, 4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-pyridine-4-yl-2,5,5-triethyl-2,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazol-oxyl, was found to be the most appropriate for the application in the stomach due to both higher stability and convenient pH sensitivity range from pH 1.8 to 6. LODEPR, FC-DNP and proton–electron double resonance imaging (PEDRI) techniques were used to detect the nitroxide localization and acidity in the rat stomach. Improved probe characteristics allowed us to follow in vivo the drug-induced perturbation in the stomach acidity and its normalization afterwards during 1 h or longer period of time. The results show the applicability of the techniques for monitoring drug pharmacology and disease in the living animals.
AbstractList	New improved pH-sensitive nitroxides were applied for in vivo studies. An increased stability of the probes towards reduction was achieved by the introduction of the bulky ethyl groups in the vicinity of the paramagnetic NO fragment. In addition, the range of pH sensitivity of the approach was extended by the synthesis of probes with two ionizable groups, and, therefore, with two pKa values. Stability towards reduction and spectral characteristics of the three new probes were determined in vitro using 290 MHz radiofrequency (RF)- and X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), longitudinally detected EPR (LODEPR), and field-cycled dynamic nuclear polarization (FC-DNP) techniques. The newly synthesized probe, 4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-pyridine-4-yl-2,5,5-triethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-oxyl, was found to be the most appropriate for the application in the stomach due to both higher stability and convenient pH sensitivity range from pH 1.8 to 6. LODEPR, FC-DNP and proton-electron double resonance imaging (PEDRI) techniques were used to detect the nitroxide localization and acidity in the rat stomach. Improved probe characteristics allowed us to follow in vivo the drug-induced perturbation in the stomach acidity and its normalization afterwards during 1 h or longer period of time. The results show the applicability of the techniques for monitoring drug pharmacology and disease in the living animals. New improved pH-sensitive nitroxides were applied for in vivo studies. An increased stability of the probes towards reduction was achieved by the introduction of the bulky ethyl groups in the vicinity of the paramagnetic N O fragment. In addition, the range of pH sensitivity of the approach was extended by the synthesis of probes with two ionizable groups, and, therefore, with two p K a values. Stability towards reduction and spectral characteristics of the three new probes were determined in vitro using 290 MHz radiofrequency (RF)- and X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), longitudinally detected EPR (LODEPR), and field-cycled dynamic nuclear polarization (FC-DNP) techniques. The newly synthesized probe, 4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-pyridine-4-yl-2,5,5-triethyl-2,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazol-oxyl, was found to be the most appropriate for the application in the stomach due to both higher stability and convenient pH sensitivity range from pH 1.8 to 6. LODEPR, FC-DNP and proton–electron double resonance imaging (PEDRI) techniques were used to detect the nitroxide localization and acidity in the rat stomach. Improved probe characteristics allowed us to follow in vivo the drug-induced perturbation in the stomach acidity and its normalization afterwards during 1 h or longer period of time. The results show the applicability of the techniques for monitoring drug pharmacology and disease in the living animals.
Author	Potapenko, Dmitrii I. Lurie, David J. Khramtsov, Valery V. Hutchison, James M.S. Bagryanskaya, Elena G. Grigor’ev, Igor A. Foster, Margaret A. Kirilyuk, Igor A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Dmitrii I. surname: Potapenko fullname: Potapenko, Dmitrii I. organization: International Tomography Center, Novosibirsk, Russia – sequence: 2 givenname: Margaret A. surname: Foster fullname: Foster, Margaret A. organization: Biomedical Physics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: David J. surname: Lurie fullname: Lurie, David J. organization: Biomedical Physics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Igor A. surname: Kirilyuk fullname: Kirilyuk, Igor A. organization: N.N.Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia – sequence: 5 givenname: James M.S. surname: Hutchison fullname: Hutchison, James M.S. organization: Biomedical Physics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK – sequence: 6 givenname: Igor A. surname: Grigor’ev fullname: Grigor’ev, Igor A. organization: N.N.Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia – sequence: 7 givenname: Elena G. surname: Bagryanskaya fullname: Bagryanskaya, Elena G. organization: International Tomography Center, Novosibirsk, Russia – sequence: 8 givenname: Valery V. surname: Khramtsov fullname: Khramtsov, Valery V. email: valery.khramtsov@osumc.edu organization: Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Snippet	New improved pH-sensitive nitroxides were applied for in vivo studies. An increased stability of the probes towards reduction was achieved by the introduction... New improved pH-sensitive nitroxides were applied for in vivo studies. An increased stability of the probes towards reduction was achieved by the introduction...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Cyclic N-Oxides - chemistry Cyclic N-Oxides - metabolism Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy - methods Gastric Acid - metabolism Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Imidazolidines - metabolism In vivo EPR techniques In vivo pH measurement Male Molecular Structure Nitroxide Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Spin Labels Stomach - metabolism Stomach acidity
Title	Real-time monitoring of drug-induced changes in the stomach acidity of living rats using improved pH-sensitive nitroxides and low-field EPR techniques
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2006.06.002 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16798033 https://search.proquest.com/docview/68821244
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