Extracardiac lesions and chromosomal abnormalities associated with major fetal heart defects: comparison of intrauterine, postnatal and postmortem diagnoses

• Published in: Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology Vol. 33; no. 5; pp. 552 - 559
• Main Authors: Song, M. S., Hu, A., Dyhamenahali, U., Chitayat, D., Winsor, E. J. T., Ryan, G., Smallhorn, J., Barrett, J., Yoo, S.‐J., Hornberger, L. K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01-05-2009; Wiley
• Subjects: Abnormalities, Multiple - diagnosis; Abnormalities, Multiple - genetics; Abnormalities, Multiple - pathology; Autopsy; Biological and medical sciences; Cardiovascular system; chromosomal abnormalities; Chromosome Aberrations - embryology; congenital heart defects; extracardiac lesions; Female; fetal echocardiography; Fetal Heart - diagnostic imaging; Fetal Heart - pathology; fetal ultrasound; Genetic Counseling; Gestational Age; Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics; Heart Defects, Congenital - diagnosis; Heart Defects, Congenital - genetics; Heart Defects, Congenital - pathology; Humans; Incidence; Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects); Medical sciences; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prenatal Diagnosis - standards; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonic investigative techniques; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Heart; Sonography; Echocardiography; chromosomal abnormalities; Gynecology; Postmortem; Cardiovascular disease; extracardiac lesions; fetal ultrasound; fetal echocardiography; Obstetrics; Pregnancy; Postnatal; Uterus; Malformation; Echography; Fetus; Diagnosis; Lesion; Congenital cardiopathy; Ultrasound; Comparative study; congenital heart defects
• ISSN: 0960-7692; 1469-0705
• DOI: 10.1002/uog.6309

Objectives
The clinical outcome of prenatally diagnosed congenital heart defects (CHD) continues to be affected significantly by associated extracardiac and chromosomal abnormalities. We sought to: determine the frequency and type of major extracardiac abnormalities (with impact on quality of life) and chromosomal abnormalities associated with fetal CHD; and compare the extracardiac abnormalities detected prenatally to the postnatal and autopsy findings in affected fetuses, to find the incidence of extracardiac abnormalities missed on prenatal ultrasound.
Methods
We reviewed the computerized database of the Division of Cardiology of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto to identify all cases of major CHD detected prenatally from 1990 to 2002. Medical records, fetal echocardiograms and ultrasound, cytogenetic and autopsy reports were reviewed. The types of CHD detected were grouped into categories and the frequencies of major extracardiac and chromosomal abnormalities in these categories were noted. Prenatal ultrasound findings were compared with those at autopsy or postnatal examination.
Results
Of 491 fetuses with major structural CHD, complete data were obtained for 382. Of these, there were 141 (36.9%) with major extracardiac abnormalities at autopsy or postnatal exam, of which 46 had chromosomal abnormalities and 95 did not. In the absence of chromosomal abnormalities, the organ systems most affected were urogenital (12.2%) and gastrointestinal (11.6%). CHDs with the highest incidence of extracardiac abnormalities (>25%) included: heterotaxy, single left ventricle and tricuspid atresia, hypoplastic left heart syndrome and tetralogy of Fallot. Ninety‐four of 334 (28.1%) fetuses tested had chromosomal abnormalities. The most common chromosomal abnormalities were trisomies 21 (43.6%), 18 (19.1%) and 13 (9.6%), monosomy X (7.4%) and 22q11.2 deletion (7.4%). Of 289 extracardiac abnormalities from the complete series, 134 (46.4%) were not identified prenatally. Of the missed extracardiac abnormalities, 65 were considered not detectable at prenatal ultrasound, so 23.9% (69/289) of detectable extracardiac abnormalities were missed prenatally.
Conclusions
Major extracardiac and chromosomal abnormalities are common in fetuses with major fetal CHD. Many important associated extracardiac abnormalities may be missed prenatally, which should be taken into consideration in the prenatal counseling for fetal CHD. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.