Trihalomethanes minimization in drinking water by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with natural coagulant Moringa oleifera Lam and activated carbon filtration
Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view. Disinfection is the step responsible for the microbiological security, for which chlorine is the most widely‐used agent, since it can react with orga...
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Published in: | Canadian journal of chemical engineering Vol. 94; no. 7; pp. 1277 - 1284 |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01-07-2016
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Abstract | Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view. Disinfection is the step responsible for the microbiological security, for which chlorine is the most widely‐used agent, since it can react with organic matter present in raw water to form total trihalomethanes (TTHM), which are harmful to humans. In this context, it is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation (C/F/S) followed by an activated carbon column. The water for the tests was from the Pirapó River (Brazil) with low colour and turbidity. In C/F/S tests, natural coagulant solutions from Moringa oleifera (MO) degreased with ethanol (MO(et)) and hexane (MO(hex)) were compared to coagulant aluminum polychloride (PAC) with further filtration in an activated carbon column. For all these tests, removal efficiency of apparent colour, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and compounds with UV254nm absorption (UV254nm) were evaluated. The disinfection process was performed and residual chlorine and TTHM formation were evaluated. It was observed that the process of C/F/S using MO(et) followed by filtration through activated carbon was able to reduce the values of physicochemical parameters (96 % removal for turbidity and apparent colour, 93 % for UV254nm, and 99 % for DOC) with reduced formation of TTHM (25.31 μg/L). Moreover, oil extraction with ethanol presents advantages over hexane due to being a solvent with good operational security, low toxicity, and being a bio‐renewable source, all characteristics not present in hexane. |
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AbstractList | Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view. Disinfection is the step responsible for the microbiological security, for which chlorine is the most widely‐used agent, since it can react with organic matter present in raw water to form total trihalomethanes (TTHM), which are harmful to humans. In this context, it is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation (C/F/S) followed by an activated carbon column. The water for the tests was from the Pirapó River (Brazil) with low colour and turbidity. In C/F/S tests, natural coagulant solutions from Moringa oleifera (MO) degreased with ethanol (MO(et)) and hexane (MO(hex)) were compared to coagulant aluminum polychloride (PAC) with further filtration in an activated carbon column. For all these tests, removal efficiency of apparent colour, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and compounds with UV254nm absorption (UV254nm) were evaluated. The disinfection process was performed and residual chlorine and TTHM formation were evaluated. It was observed that the process of C/F/S using MO(et) followed by filtration through activated carbon was able to reduce the values of physicochemical parameters (96 % removal for turbidity and apparent colour, 93 % for UV254nm, and 99 % for DOC) with reduced formation of TTHM (25.31 μg/L). Moreover, oil extraction with ethanol presents advantages over hexane due to being a solvent with good operational security, low toxicity, and being a bio‐renewable source, all characteristics not present in hexane. Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view. Disinfection is the step responsible for the microbiological security, for which chlorine is the most widely-used agent, since it can react with organic matter present in raw water to form total trihalomethanes (TTHM), which are harmful to humans. In this context, it is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation (C/F/S) followed by an activated carbon column. The water for the tests was from the Pirapo River (Brazil) with low colour and turbidity. In C/F/S tests, natural coagulant solutions from Moringa oleifera (MO) degreased with ethanol (MO(et)) and hexane (MO(hex)) were compared to coagulant aluminum polychloride (PAC) with further filtration in an activated carbon column. For all these tests, removal efficiency of apparent colour, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and compounds with UV sub(254nm) absorption (UV sub(254nm)) were evaluated. The disinfection process was performed and residual chlorine and TTHM formation were evaluated. It was observed that the process of C/F/S using MO(et) followed by filtration through activated carbon was able to reduce the values of physicochemical parameters (96% removal for turbidity and apparent colour, 93% for UV sub(254nm), and 99% for DOC) with reduced formation of TTHM (25.31 mu g/L). Moreover, oil extraction with ethanol presents advantages over hexane due to being a solvent with good operational security, low toxicity, and being a bio-renewable source, all characteristics not present in hexane. |
Author | dos Santos, Tássia Rhuna Tonial Bongiovani, Milene Carvalho Vieira, Marcelo Fernandes Silva, Marcela Fernandes Coldebella, Priscila Ferri Bergamasco, Rosângela Nishi, Letícia |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Tássia Rhuna Tonial surname: dos Santos fullname: dos Santos, Tássia Rhuna Tonial email: tassia_tonial@hotmail.com organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: Milene Carvalho surname: Bongiovani fullname: Bongiovani, Milene Carvalho organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: Marcela Fernandes surname: Silva fullname: Silva, Marcela Fernandes organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil – sequence: 4 givenname: Letícia surname: Nishi fullname: Nishi, Letícia organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil – sequence: 5 givenname: Priscila Ferri surname: Coldebella fullname: Coldebella, Priscila Ferri organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil – sequence: 6 givenname: Marcelo Fernandes surname: Vieira fullname: Vieira, Marcelo Fernandes organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil – sequence: 7 givenname: Rosângela surname: Bergamasco fullname: Bergamasco, Rosângela |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1080_10934529_2019_1646086 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jwpe_2020_101820 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psep_2020_09_044 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11696_023_03115_5 crossref_primary_10_1080_10601325_2018_1547113 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10661_022_10472_3 crossref_primary_10_1590_s2175_97902022e201158 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_watres_2020_116517 crossref_primary_10_1080_00219592_2023_2172980 crossref_primary_10_1080_09593330_2019_1567607 crossref_primary_10_1002_ep_13503 |
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SubjectTerms | Activated carbon Coagulants coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation Color Colour Filtration Hexanes Moringa oleifera Lam Sedimentation trihalomethanes Turbidity water treatment |
Title | Trihalomethanes minimization in drinking water by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with natural coagulant Moringa oleifera Lam and activated carbon filtration |
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