Trihalomethanes minimization in drinking water by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with natural coagulant Moringa oleifera Lam and activated carbon filtration

Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view. Disinfection is the step responsible for the microbiological security, for which chlorine is the most widely‐used agent, since it can react with orga...

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Published in:Canadian journal of chemical engineering Vol. 94; no. 7; pp. 1277 - 1284
Main Authors: dos Santos, Tássia Rhuna Tonial, Bongiovani, Milene Carvalho, Silva, Marcela Fernandes, Nishi, Letícia, Coldebella, Priscila Ferri, Vieira, Marcelo Fernandes, Bergamasco, Rosângela
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-07-2016
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Abstract Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view. Disinfection is the step responsible for the microbiological security, for which chlorine is the most widely‐used agent, since it can react with organic matter present in raw water to form total trihalomethanes (TTHM), which are harmful to humans. In this context, it is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation (C/F/S) followed by an activated carbon column. The water for the tests was from the Pirapó River (Brazil) with low colour and turbidity. In C/F/S tests, natural coagulant solutions from Moringa oleifera (MO) degreased with ethanol (MO(et)) and hexane (MO(hex)) were compared to coagulant aluminum polychloride (PAC) with further filtration in an activated carbon column. For all these tests, removal efficiency of apparent colour, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and compounds with UV254nm absorption (UV254nm) were evaluated. The disinfection process was performed and residual chlorine and TTHM formation were evaluated. It was observed that the process of C/F/S using MO(et) followed by filtration through activated carbon was able to reduce the values ​​of physicochemical parameters (96 % removal for turbidity and apparent colour, 93 % for UV254nm, and 99 % for DOC) with reduced formation of TTHM (25.31 μg/L). Moreover, oil extraction with ethanol presents advantages over hexane due to being a solvent with good operational security, low toxicity, and being a bio‐renewable source, all characteristics not present in hexane.
AbstractList Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view. Disinfection is the step responsible for the microbiological security, for which chlorine is the most widely‐used agent, since it can react with organic matter present in raw water to form total trihalomethanes (TTHM), which are harmful to humans. In this context, it is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation (C/F/S) followed by an activated carbon column. The water for the tests was from the Pirapó River (Brazil) with low colour and turbidity. In C/F/S tests, natural coagulant solutions from Moringa oleifera (MO) degreased with ethanol (MO(et)) and hexane (MO(hex)) were compared to coagulant aluminum polychloride (PAC) with further filtration in an activated carbon column. For all these tests, removal efficiency of apparent colour, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and compounds with UV254nm absorption (UV254nm) were evaluated. The disinfection process was performed and residual chlorine and TTHM formation were evaluated. It was observed that the process of C/F/S using MO(et) followed by filtration through activated carbon was able to reduce the values ​​of physicochemical parameters (96 % removal for turbidity and apparent colour, 93 % for UV254nm, and 99 % for DOC) with reduced formation of TTHM (25.31 μg/L). Moreover, oil extraction with ethanol presents advantages over hexane due to being a solvent with good operational security, low toxicity, and being a bio‐renewable source, all characteristics not present in hexane.
Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view. Disinfection is the step responsible for the microbiological security, for which chlorine is the most widely-used agent, since it can react with organic matter present in raw water to form total trihalomethanes (TTHM), which are harmful to humans. In this context, it is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation (C/F/S) followed by an activated carbon column. The water for the tests was from the Pirapo River (Brazil) with low colour and turbidity. In C/F/S tests, natural coagulant solutions from Moringa oleifera (MO) degreased with ethanol (MO(et)) and hexane (MO(hex)) were compared to coagulant aluminum polychloride (PAC) with further filtration in an activated carbon column. For all these tests, removal efficiency of apparent colour, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and compounds with UV sub(254nm) absorption (UV sub(254nm)) were evaluated. The disinfection process was performed and residual chlorine and TTHM formation were evaluated. It was observed that the process of C/F/S using MO(et) followed by filtration through activated carbon was able to reduce the values of physicochemical parameters (96% removal for turbidity and apparent colour, 93% for UV sub(254nm), and 99% for DOC) with reduced formation of TTHM (25.31 mu g/L). Moreover, oil extraction with ethanol presents advantages over hexane due to being a solvent with good operational security, low toxicity, and being a bio-renewable source, all characteristics not present in hexane.
Author dos Santos, Tássia Rhuna Tonial
Bongiovani, Milene Carvalho
Vieira, Marcelo Fernandes
Silva, Marcela Fernandes
Coldebella, Priscila Ferri
Bergamasco, Rosângela
Nishi, Letícia
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  organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil
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  givenname: Milene Carvalho
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  organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil
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  givenname: Marcela Fernandes
  surname: Silva
  fullname: Silva, Marcela Fernandes
  organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil
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  givenname: Letícia
  surname: Nishi
  fullname: Nishi, Letícia
  organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Priscila Ferri
  surname: Coldebella
  fullname: Coldebella, Priscila Ferri
  organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil
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  givenname: Marcelo Fernandes
  surname: Vieira
  fullname: Vieira, Marcelo Fernandes
  organization: State University of Maringá. Department of Chemical Engineering. Avenida Colombo, Paraná, 5790. Bloco D90. CEP: 87020-900. Maringá, Brazil
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  givenname: Rosângela
  surname: Bergamasco
  fullname: Bergamasco, Rosângela
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Snippet Water treatment plants are designed to remove turbidity and apparent colour, and produce safe water from a microbiological and chemical point of view....
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SubjectTerms Activated carbon
Coagulants
coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation
Color
Colour
Filtration
Hexanes
Moringa oleifera Lam
Sedimentation
trihalomethanes
Turbidity
water treatment
Title Trihalomethanes minimization in drinking water by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with natural coagulant Moringa oleifera Lam and activated carbon filtration
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