Synthesis and application of additives based on cardanol as demulsifier for water-in-oil emulsions

• Published in: Fuel (Guildford) Vol. 245; pp. 21 - 28
• Main Authors: Feitosa, Filipe X., Alves, Raissa S., de Sant'Ana, Hosiberto B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01-06-2019; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Additives; Asphaltenes; Cardanol; Chemical compounds; Colloid chemistry; Crude oil; Demulsifiers; Emulsion; Emulsions; Ethoxylation; Fluid flow; Formaldehyde; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Organic chemistry; Petroleum; Petroleum production; pH effects; Reagents; Ring opening ethoxylation; Saline water; Sodium chloride; Tubes; 1H NMR; ECFR; ppm; CFR; PPh3; Emulsion; FTIR; W/O; Demulsifiers; Cardanol; CNSL; Ring opening ethoxylation; EC; ATR
• ISSN: 0016-2361; 1873-7153
• DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.081

Emulsion formation is one of the most important problems faced by petroleum companies to guarantee the flow of fluids during petroleum production, once its formation is often associated to the colloidal state of asphaltenes in petroleum. For this reason, chemical additives should be frequently used to stabilize the asphaltenes and reduce or prevent emulsion formation. Unfortunately, it does not exist any widespread chemical compound that could be used for petroleum reservoirs indistinctly. Consequently, scanning and screening analysis for new compounds should be performed with the purpose to find more efficient and eco-friendlier demulsifiers. In this paper, four different chemical routes (hydrogenation, ethoxylation, formaldehyde polycondensation, and ethoxylation of formaldehyde polycondensation) have been used to synthetize four new products from cardanol to evaluate their activity as demulsifier agents. These additives were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR analysis. The demulsification activity were studied in emulsions using three Brazilian crude oil produced with a 30% (v/v) brine cut, 60 and 240 g/L NaCl of salinity, at different pH (range from 3 to 10), under agitation (3200 rpm). Bottle test was carried out at 60 °C in graduated tubes for water separability tests, by adding a constant composition (200 ppm) of each chemical tested. The results show that demulsification is more significant for ethoxylated compounds, at neutral pH.