Multibeam Focal Plane Arrays With Digital Beamforming for High Precision Space-Borne Ocean Remote Sensing

• Published in: IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation Vol. 66; no. 2; pp. 737 - 748
• Main Authors: Iupikov, Oleg A., Ivashina, Marianna V., Skou, Niels, Cappellin, Cecilia, Pontoppidan, Knud, van 't Klooster, Cornelis G. M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01-02-2018; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Antenna arrays; Antenna feeds; Array antennas; Beamforming; Coastal environments; Coastal waters; Focal plane devices; Microwave antennas; Microwave frequencies; microwave radiometers; Microwave radiometry; Missions; Pencil beams; Radiometers; reflector antenna feeds; Remote sensing; Spatial resolution; Toruses
• ISSN: 0018-926X; 1558-2221; 1558-2221
• DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2763174

The present-day ocean remote sensing instruments that operate at low microwave frequencies are limited in spatial resolution and do not allow for monitoring of the coastal waters. This is due to the difficulties of employing a large reflector antenna on a satellite platform, and generating high-quality pencil beams at multiple frequencies. Recent advances in digital beamforming focal-plane arrays (FPAs) have been exploited in this paper to overcome the above problems. A holistic design procedure for such novel multibeam radiometers has been developed, where: 1) the antenna system specifications are derived directly from the requirements to oceanographic surveys for future satellite missions and 2) the numbers of FPA elements/receivers are determined through a dedicated optimum beamforming procedure minimizing the distance to coast. This approach has been applied to synthesize FPAs for two alternative radiometer systems: a conical scanner with an offset parabolic reflector and a stationary wide-scan torus reflector system, each operating at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">C </tex-math></inline-formula>-, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">X </tex-math></inline-formula>-, and Ku-bands. Numerical results predict excellent beam performance for both systems with as low as 0.14% total received power over the land.