Identification of Different Forms of Cocaine and Substances Used in Adulteration Using Near-infrared Raman Spectroscopy and Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy

Identification of cocaine and subsequent quantification immediately after seizure are problems for the police in developing countries such as Brazil. This work proposes a comparison between the Raman and FT‐IR techniques as methods to identify cocaine, the adulterants used to increase volume, and po...

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Published in:	Journal of forensic sciences Vol. 60; no. 1; pp. 171 - 178
Main Authors:	Penido, Ciro A. F. O., Pacheco, Marcos Tadeu T., Zângaro, Renato A., Silveira Jr, Landulfo
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-01-2015 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:	adulterant Cocaine Cocaine - chemistry cocaine identification degradation Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors - chemistry Drug Contamination forensic science Forensic sciences Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy Humans Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum analysis Spectrum Analysis, Raman Street Drugs - chemistry toxicology adulterant cocaine identification toxicology Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy forensic science degradation Raman spectroscopy
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Abstract	Identification of cocaine and subsequent quantification immediately after seizure are problems for the police in developing countries such as Brazil. This work proposes a comparison between the Raman and FT‐IR techniques as methods to identify cocaine, the adulterants used to increase volume, and possible degradation products in samples seized by the police. Near‐infrared Raman spectra (785 nm excitation, 10 sec exposure time) and FT‐IR‐ATR spectra were obtained from different samples of street cocaine and some substances commonly used as adulterants. Freebase powder, hydrochloride powder, and crack rock can be distinguished by both Raman and FT‐IR spectroscopies, revealing differences in their chemical structure. Most of the samples showed characteristic peaks of degradation products such as benzoylecgonine and benzoic acid, and some presented evidence of adulteration with aluminum sulfate and sodium carbonate. Raman spectroscopy is better than FT‐IR for identifying benzoic acid and inorganic adulterants in cocaine.
AbstractList	Identification of cocaine and subsequent quantification immediately after seizure are problems for the police in developing countries such as Brazil. This work proposes a comparison between the Raman and FT-IR techniques as methods to identify cocaine, the adulterants used to increase volume, and possible degradation products in samples seized by the police. Near-infrared Raman spectra (785 nm excitation, 10 sec exposure time) and FT-IR-ATR spectra were obtained from different samples of street cocaine and some substances commonly used as adulterants. Freebase powder, hydrochloride powder, and crack rock can be distinguished by both Raman and FT-IR spectroscopies, revealing differences in their chemical structure. Most of the samples showed characteristic peaks of degradation products such as benzoylecgonine and benzoic acid, and some presented evidence of adulteration with aluminum sulfate and sodium carbonate. Raman spectroscopy is better than FT-IR for identifying benzoic acid and inorganic adulterants in cocaine. Identification of cocaine and subsequent quantification immediately after seizure are problems for the police in developing countries such as Brazil. This work proposes a comparison between the Raman and FT ‐ IR techniques as methods to identify cocaine, the adulterants used to increase volume, and possible degradation products in samples seized by the police. Near‐infrared Raman spectra (785 nm excitation, 10 sec exposure time) and FT ‐ IR ‐ ATR spectra were obtained from different samples of street cocaine and some substances commonly used as adulterants. Freebase powder, hydrochloride powder, and crack rock can be distinguished by both Raman and FT ‐ IR spectroscopies, revealing differences in their chemical structure. Most of the samples showed characteristic peaks of degradation products such as benzoylecgonine and benzoic acid, and some presented evidence of adulteration with aluminum sulfate and sodium carbonate. Raman spectroscopy is better than FT ‐ IR for identifying benzoic acid and inorganic adulterants in cocaine. Identification of cocaine and subsequent quantification immediately after seizure are problems for the police in developing countries such as Brazil. This work proposes a comparison between the Raman and FT‐IR techniques as methods to identify cocaine, the adulterants used to increase volume, and possible degradation products in samples seized by the police. Near‐infrared Raman spectra (785 nm excitation, 10 sec exposure time) and FT‐IR‐ATR spectra were obtained from different samples of street cocaine and some substances commonly used as adulterants. Freebase powder, hydrochloride powder, and crack rock can be distinguished by both Raman and FT‐IR spectroscopies, revealing differences in their chemical structure. Most of the samples showed characteristic peaks of degradation products such as benzoylecgonine and benzoic acid, and some presented evidence of adulteration with aluminum sulfate and sodium carbonate. Raman spectroscopy is better than FT‐IR for identifying benzoic acid and inorganic adulterants in cocaine.
Author	Pacheco, Marcos Tadeu T. Penido, Ciro A. F. O. Silveira Jr, Landulfo Zângaro, Renato A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Ciro A. F. O. surname: Penido fullname: Penido, Ciro A. F. O. organization: Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco - UNICASTELO, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondesan, 500, Eugênio de Melo, SP, 12247-016, São José dos Campos, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: Marcos Tadeu T. surname: Pacheco fullname: Pacheco, Marcos Tadeu T. organization: Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco - UNICASTELO, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondesan, 500, Eugênio de Melo, SP, 12247-016, São José dos Campos, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: Renato A. surname: Zângaro fullname: Zângaro, Renato A. organization: Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco - UNICASTELO, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondesan, 500, Eugênio de Melo, SP, 12247-016, São José dos Campos, Brazil – sequence: 4 givenname: Landulfo surname: Silveira Jr fullname: Silveira Jr, Landulfo email: Additional information and reprint requests:Landulfo Silveira, Jr, Ph.D.ProfessorUniversidade Camilo Castelo Branco - UNICASTELOParque Tecnológico de São José dos CamposEstr. Dr. Altino Bondesan, 500, Eugênio de MeloSão José dos Campos, SP, Brazil, 12247-016, landulfo.silveira@gmail.com organization: Biomedical Engineering Institute, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco - UNICASTELO, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondesan, 500, Eugênio de Melo, SP, 12247-016, São José dos Campos, Brazil
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428273$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords	adulterant cocaine identification toxicology Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy forensic science degradation Raman spectroscopy
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Snippet	Identification of cocaine and subsequent quantification immediately after seizure are problems for the police in developing countries such as Brazil. This work...
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SubjectTerms	adulterant Cocaine Cocaine - chemistry cocaine identification degradation Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors - chemistry Drug Contamination forensic science Forensic sciences Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy Humans Raman spectroscopy Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum analysis Spectrum Analysis, Raman Street Drugs - chemistry toxicology
Title	Identification of Different Forms of Cocaine and Substances Used in Adulteration Using Near-infrared Raman Spectroscopy and Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
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