Bit-Patterned Magnetic Recording: Theory, Media Fabrication, and Recording Performance

• Published in: IEEE transactions on magnetics Vol. 51; no. 5; pp. 1 - 42
• Main Authors: Albrecht, Thomas R., Arora, Hitesh, Ayanoor-Vitikkate, Vipin, Beaujour, Jean-Marc, Bedau, Daniel, Berman, David, Bogdanov, Alexei L., Chapuis, Yves-Andre, Cushen, Julia, Dobisz, Elizabeth E., Doerk, Gregory, He Gao, Grobis, Michael, Gurney, Bruce, Hanson, Weldon, Hellwig, Olav, Hirano, Toshiki, Jubert, Pierre-Olivier, Kercher, Dan, Lille, Jeffrey, Zuwei Liu, Mate, C. Mathew, Obukhov, Yuri, Patel, Kanaiyalal C., Rubin, Kurt, Ruiz, Ricardo, Schabes, Manfred, Lei Wan, Weller, Dieter, Tsai-Wei Wu, En Yang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01-05-2015; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: areal density; Bit error rate; Bit patterned media; block copolymer; Co alloys; Disk drives; double patterning; e-beam lithography; Fabrication; hard disk drive; Hard disks; interface anisotropy; Magnetic heads; Magnetic multilayers; Magnetic recording; Magnetism; Media; nanoimprint lithography; prepatterned servo; self-assembly; Semiconductors; sequential infiltration; synthesis; templated growth; thermal annealing; Thermal stability; write synchronization; prepatterned servo; Co alloys; magnetic multilayers; hard disk drive; bit-patterned media; block copolymer; self-assembly; magnetic recording; interface anisotropy; Areal density; thermal annealing; nanoimprint lithography; double patterning; sequential infiltration synthesis; templated growth; e-beam lithography; write synchronization
• ISSN: 0018-9464; 1941-0069
• DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2015.2397880

Bit-patterned media (BPM) for magnetic recording provides a route to thermally stable data recording at >1 Tb/in 2 and circumvents many of the challenges associated with extending conventional granular media technology. Instead of recording a bit on an ensemble of random grains, BPM comprises a well-ordered array of lithographically patterned isolated magnetic islands, each of which stores 1 bit. Fabrication of BPM is viewed as the greatest challenge for its commercialization. In this paper, we describe a BPM fabrication method that combines rotary-stage e-beam lithography, directed self-assembly of block copolymers, self-aligned double patterning, nanoimprint lithography, and ion milling to generate BPM based on CoCrPt alloy materials at densities up to 1.6 Td/in 2 . This combination of novel fabrication technologies achieves feature sizes of <;10 nm, which is significantly smaller than what conventional nanofabrication methods used in semiconductor manufacturing can achieve. In contrast to earlier work that used hexagonal arrays of round islands, our latest approach creates BPM with rectangular bit cells, which are advantageous for the integration of BPM with existing hard disk drive technology. The advantages of rectangular bits are analyzed from a theoretical and modeling point of view, and system integration requirements, such as provision of servo patterns, implementation of write synchronization, and providing for a stable head-disk interface, are addressed in the context of experimental results. Optimization of magnetic alloy materials for thermal stability, writeability, and tight switching field distribution is discussed, and a new method for growing BPM islands from a specially patterned underlayer-referred to as templated growth-is presented. New recording results at 1.6 Td/in 2 (roughly equivalent to 1.3 Tb/in 2 ) demonstrate a raw error rate <;10 -2 , which is consistent with the recording system requirements of modern hard drives. Extendibility of BPM to higher densities and its eventual combination with energy-assisted recording are explored.