The Effect of Banking Deregulation on Borrowing Firms' Risk‐Taking Incentives

ABSTRACT We examine how regulatory restrictions on capital market activity affect the compensation contracting environment within firms. This study aims to expand our understanding of how financial market development affects firm risk‐taking via management compensation designs. Specifically, taking...

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Published in:Contemporary accounting research Vol. 40; no. 2; pp. 1350 - 1387
Main Authors: Bens, Daniel, Liao, Scott, Su, Barbara
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-05-2023
Canadian Academic Accounting Association
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Abstract ABSTRACT We examine how regulatory restrictions on capital market activity affect the compensation contracting environment within firms. This study aims to expand our understanding of how financial market development affects firm risk‐taking via management compensation designs. Specifically, taking advantage of the staggered implementation of the Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA), which increases bank competition and loan geographical diversification, this study examines how borrowing firms' compensation structures change when banks increase risk tolerance in their loan portfolios. Using hand‐collected compensation data of firms with market capitalization less than $75 million, we hypothesize and find that borrowing firms are likely to increase risk incentives after IBBEA and that this increase is more pronounced for firms located in states with less banking competition in the pre‐IBBEA period. We also show the findings to be more significant for borrowers whose lenders acquire more diversification benefits after IBBEA. These findings suggest that following deregulation, when banks face increased competition as well as an enhanced ability to diversify their credit risk geographically, these same banks tend to increase their tolerance for borrowers' risk‐taking. That is, their clients—nonfinancial firms borrowing from them—adjust their compensation contracts that are previously constrained by bank distaste for risk. We also document that firms that increase their risk incentives the most invest more in R&D, suggesting that management compensation is a complementary channel through which IBBEA affects firm innovation. RÉSUMÉ L'effet de la dérèglementation du secteur bancaire sur les incitations à la prise de risque des entreprises emprunteuses Les auteurs examinent comment les restrictions règlementaires sur l'activité des marchés financiers affectent l'environnement des marchés et la rémunération au sein des entreprises. Cette étude vise à élargir la compréhension des effets du développement des marchés financiers sur la prise de risque des entreprises par le biais des modèles de rémunération des dirigeants. Plus précisément, en utilisant la mise en œuvre échelonnée de la loi Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA) qui accroit la concurrence entre les banques et la diversification géographique des prêts, cette étude examine comment les structures de rémunération des entreprises emprunteuses changent lorsque les banques augmentent la tolérance au risque dans leurs portefeuilles de prêts. À l'aide de données de rémunération collectées manuellement auprès d'entreprises dont la capitalisation boursière est inférieure à 75 millions de dollars, les auteurs émettent l'hypothèse et constatent que les entreprises emprunteuses sont susceptibles d'augmenter les incitations au risque après l'IBBEA et que cette augmentation est plus prononcée pour les entreprises situées dans des états où la concurrence bancaire était moindre au cours de la période précédant l'IBBEA. Ils montrent également que les résultats sont plus significatifs pour les emprunteurs dont les prêteurs acquièrent plus d'avantages de la diversification après l'IBBEA. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'à la suite de la dérèglementation, lorsque les banques sont confrontées à une concurrence accrue ainsi qu'à une meilleure capacité à diversifier géographiquement leur risque de crédit, ces mêmes banques ont tendance à augmenter leur tolérance vis‐à‐vis de la prise de risque des emprunteurs. En d'autres termes, leurs clients—les entreprises non financières qui leur empruntent—ajustent leurs contrats de rémunération qui étaient auparavant limités par l'aversion des banques au risque. Les auteurs montrent également que les entreprises qui augmentent le plus leurs incitations au risque investissent davantage dans la R‐D, ce qui suggère que la rémunération des dirigeants est un canal complémentaire par lequel l'IBBEA affecte l'innovation des entreprises.
AbstractList We examine how regulatory restrictions on capital market activity affect the compensation contracting environment within firms. This study aims to expand our understanding of how financial market development affects firm risk‐taking via management compensation designs. Specifically, taking advantage of the staggered implementation of the Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA), which increases bank competition and loan geographical diversification, this study examines how borrowing firms' compensation structures change when banks increase risk tolerance in their loan portfolios. Using hand‐collected compensation data of firms with market capitalization less than $75 million, we hypothesize and find that borrowing firms are likely to increase risk incentives after IBBEA and that this increase is more pronounced for firms located in states with less banking competition in the pre‐IBBEA period. We also show the findings to be more significant for borrowers whose lenders acquire more diversification benefits after IBBEA. These findings suggest that following deregulation, when banks face increased competition as well as an enhanced ability to diversify their credit risk geographically, these same banks tend to increase their tolerance for borrowers' risk‐taking. That is, their clients—nonfinancial firms borrowing from them—adjust their compensation contracts that are previously constrained by bank distaste for risk. We also document that firms that increase their risk incentives the most invest more in R&D, suggesting that management compensation is a complementary channel through which IBBEA affects firm innovation.
We examine how regulatory restrictions on capital market activity affect the compensation contracting environment within firms. This study aims to expand our understanding of how financial market development affects firm risk‐taking via management compensation designs. Specifically, taking advantage of the staggered implementation of the Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA), which increases bank competition and loan geographical diversification, this study examines how borrowing firms' compensation structures change when banks increase risk tolerance in their loan portfolios. Using hand‐collected compensation data of firms with market capitalization less than $75 million, we hypothesize and find that borrowing firms are likely to increase risk incentives after IBBEA and that this increase is more pronounced for firms located in states with less banking competition in the pre‐IBBEA period. We also show the findings to be more significant for borrowers whose lenders acquire more diversification benefits after IBBEA. These findings suggest that following deregulation, when banks face increased competition as well as an enhanced ability to diversify their credit risk geographically, these same banks tend to increase their tolerance for borrowers' risk‐taking. That is, their clients—nonfinancial firms borrowing from them—adjust their compensation contracts that are previously constrained by bank distaste for risk. We also document that firms that increase their risk incentives the most invest more in R&D, suggesting that management compensation is a complementary channel through which IBBEA affects firm innovation. L'effet de la dérèglementation du secteur bancaire sur les incitations à la prise de risque des entreprises emprunteuses Les auteurs examinent comment les restrictions règlementaires sur l'activité des marchés financiers affectent l'environnement des marchés et la rémunération au sein des entreprises. Cette étude vise à élargir la compréhension des effets du développement des marchés financiers sur la prise de risque des entreprises par le biais des modèles de rémunération des dirigeants. Plus précisément, en utilisant la mise en œuvre échelonnée de la loi Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA) qui accroit la concurrence entre les banques et la diversification géographique des prêts, cette étude examine comment les structures de rémunération des entreprises emprunteuses changent lorsque les banques augmentent la tolérance au risque dans leurs portefeuilles de prêts. À l'aide de données de rémunération collectées manuellement auprès d'entreprises dont la capitalisation boursière est inférieure à 75 millions de dollars, les auteurs émettent l'hypothèse et constatent que les entreprises emprunteuses sont susceptibles d'augmenter les incitations au risque après l'IBBEA et que cette augmentation est plus prononcée pour les entreprises situées dans des états où la concurrence bancaire était moindre au cours de la période précédant l'IBBEA. Ils montrent également que les résultats sont plus significatifs pour les emprunteurs dont les prêteurs acquièrent plus d'avantages de la diversification après l'IBBEA. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'à la suite de la dérèglementation, lorsque les banques sont confrontées à une concurrence accrue ainsi qu'à une meilleure capacité à diversifier géographiquement leur risque de crédit, ces mêmes banques ont tendance à augmenter leur tolérance vis‐à‐vis de la prise de risque des emprunteurs. En d'autres termes, leurs clients—les entreprises non financières qui leur empruntent—ajustent leurs contrats de rémunération qui étaient auparavant limités par l'aversion des banques au risque. Les auteurs montrent également que les entreprises qui augmentent le plus leurs incitations au risque investissent davantage dans la R‐D, ce qui suggère que la rémunération des dirigeants est un canal complémentaire par lequel l'IBBEA affecte l'innovation des entreprises.
ABSTRACT We examine how regulatory restrictions on capital market activity affect the compensation contracting environment within firms. This study aims to expand our understanding of how financial market development affects firm risk‐taking via management compensation designs. Specifically, taking advantage of the staggered implementation of the Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA), which increases bank competition and loan geographical diversification, this study examines how borrowing firms' compensation structures change when banks increase risk tolerance in their loan portfolios. Using hand‐collected compensation data of firms with market capitalization less than $75 million, we hypothesize and find that borrowing firms are likely to increase risk incentives after IBBEA and that this increase is more pronounced for firms located in states with less banking competition in the pre‐IBBEA period. We also show the findings to be more significant for borrowers whose lenders acquire more diversification benefits after IBBEA. These findings suggest that following deregulation, when banks face increased competition as well as an enhanced ability to diversify their credit risk geographically, these same banks tend to increase their tolerance for borrowers' risk‐taking. That is, their clients—nonfinancial firms borrowing from them—adjust their compensation contracts that are previously constrained by bank distaste for risk. We also document that firms that increase their risk incentives the most invest more in R&D, suggesting that management compensation is a complementary channel through which IBBEA affects firm innovation. RÉSUMÉ L'effet de la dérèglementation du secteur bancaire sur les incitations à la prise de risque des entreprises emprunteuses Les auteurs examinent comment les restrictions règlementaires sur l'activité des marchés financiers affectent l'environnement des marchés et la rémunération au sein des entreprises. Cette étude vise à élargir la compréhension des effets du développement des marchés financiers sur la prise de risque des entreprises par le biais des modèles de rémunération des dirigeants. Plus précisément, en utilisant la mise en œuvre échelonnée de la loi Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA) qui accroit la concurrence entre les banques et la diversification géographique des prêts, cette étude examine comment les structures de rémunération des entreprises emprunteuses changent lorsque les banques augmentent la tolérance au risque dans leurs portefeuilles de prêts. À l'aide de données de rémunération collectées manuellement auprès d'entreprises dont la capitalisation boursière est inférieure à 75 millions de dollars, les auteurs émettent l'hypothèse et constatent que les entreprises emprunteuses sont susceptibles d'augmenter les incitations au risque après l'IBBEA et que cette augmentation est plus prononcée pour les entreprises situées dans des états où la concurrence bancaire était moindre au cours de la période précédant l'IBBEA. Ils montrent également que les résultats sont plus significatifs pour les emprunteurs dont les prêteurs acquièrent plus d'avantages de la diversification après l'IBBEA. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'à la suite de la dérèglementation, lorsque les banques sont confrontées à une concurrence accrue ainsi qu'à une meilleure capacité à diversifier géographiquement leur risque de crédit, ces mêmes banques ont tendance à augmenter leur tolérance vis‐à‐vis de la prise de risque des emprunteurs. En d'autres termes, leurs clients—les entreprises non financières qui leur empruntent—ajustent leurs contrats de rémunération qui étaient auparavant limités par l'aversion des banques au risque. Les auteurs montrent également que les entreprises qui augmentent le plus leurs incitations au risque investissent davantage dans la R‐D, ce qui suggère que la rémunération des dirigeants est un canal complémentaire par lequel l'IBBEA affecte l'innovation des entreprises.
Author Bens, Daniel
Liao, Scott
Su, Barbara
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Notes Accepted by John Campbell. We thank Anil Arya, Anne Beatty, John Campbell (editor), Peter Demerjian (discussant), MingCherng Deng (discussant), Yiwei Dou (discussant), Bjorn Jorgensen, Rick Johnston, Steve Monahan, Darren Roulstone, Bharat Sarath, two anonymous referees, and seminar participants at the University of Groningen, Ohio State University, University of Arizona, Bocconi University, London School of Economics, Cass Business School—City University London, Nanyang Technological University, WHU–Otto Beisheim School of Management, Miami University, University of Toronto, INSEAD Accounting Symposium, 26th Annual Conference on Financial Economics and Accounting (CFEA), 2015 CAAA annual conference, 2016 FARS conference, and 2021
 
5
Contemporary Accounting Research
Discussion by Yiwei Dou (see Appendix
)
.
Conference (generously supported by the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada) for their valuable comments and suggestions. We also thank Mahfuz Chy for sharing Compustat firms' historical headquarters data and Peter Demerjian for sharing the probability of covenant violation data. The paper was previously circulated under the title “Financial Market Developments and Management Compensation.”
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Snippet ABSTRACT We examine how regulatory restrictions on capital market activity affect the compensation contracting environment within firms. This study aims to...
We examine how regulatory restrictions on capital market activity affect the compensation contracting environment within firms. This study aims to expand our...
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StartPage 1350
SubjectTerms Banking
Banking industry
Banks
banque
Borrowing
Capital markets
Companies
Compensation
Credit risk
Deregulation
Diversification
dérèglementation
Financial market
IBBEA
Incentives
innovation
Innovations
Interstate banking
Interstate Banking & Branching Efficiency Act 1994-US
Portfolios
prise de risque
R&D
Research & development
risk‐taking
rémunération
Tolerance
Title The Effect of Banking Deregulation on Borrowing Firms' Risk‐Taking Incentives
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2F1911-3846.12823
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2820865103
Volume 40
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