Changing Perspectives on the “Revolutionary Emperor”: Joseph II Biographies since 1790
The French writer, poet, and biographer of Pope Clement XIV, Louis Antoine Caraccioli published his biography of Joseph II, La Vie de Joseph II, immediately upon the emperor's death. This was possible because he had been collecting materials for a biography for some years. Cataloging and acclai...
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| Published in: | The Journal of Modern History Vol. 83; no. 1; pp. 111 - 138 |
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| Abstract | The French writer, poet, and biographer of Pope Clement XIV, Louis Antoine Caraccioli published his biography of Joseph II, La Vie de Joseph II, immediately upon the emperor's death. This was possible because he had been collecting materials for a biography for some years. Cataloging and acclaiming all of Joseph's reforms, he gave the emperor uncritical credit for the abolition of serfdom and of peasant labor services (robot), both civil and penal law reforms, the revival of trade, the creation of a disciplined army, education reforms, the building of hospitals and other public social service institutions, the abolition of superstition, the reform of the Church, the construction of roads and the "complete" abolition of mendicancy. Here, Szabo looks at some of Joseph II biographies written since 1790. |
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| AbstractList | Historians of the Habsburg Monarchy continue to use biography effectively to come to terms with the peculiar complexities of this empire. Of the monarchs none has received more attention from biographers than Joseph II. Thanks to the dramatic and sweeping reforms of his brief reign he has often been called the "revolutionary emperor" and has kindled the imagination of biographers from the time of his death to the twenty-first century. The recent appearance of two new biographies, and above all the completion of the two-volume study by the renowned Cambridge historian Derek Beales, provides an opportunity to trace the development of the biographical historiography of this controversial monarch and to assess the degree to which the biographical approach has brought us nearer to an understanding of the "enlightened absolutism" in the Habsburg Monarchy. Adapted from the source document. Historians of the Habsburg Monarchy continue to use biography effectively to come to terms with the peculiar complexities of this empire. Of the monarchs none has received more attention from biographers than Joseph II. Thanks to the dramatic and sweeping reforms of his brief reign he has often been called the "revolutionary emperor" and has kindled the imagination of biographers from the time of his death to the twenty-first century. The recent appearance of two new biographies, and above all the completion of the two-volume study by the renowned Cambridge historian Derek Beales, provides an opportunity to trace the development of the biographical historiography of this controversial monarch and to assess the degree to which the biographical approach has brought us nearer to an understanding of the "enlightened absolutism" in the Habsburg Monarchy. Adapted from the source document. Reprinted by permission of the University of Chicago Press. © All rights reserved The French writer, poet, and biographer of Pope Clement XIV, Louis Antoine Caraccioli published his biography of Joseph II, La Vie de Joseph II, immediately upon the emperor's death. This was possible because he had been collecting materials for a biography for some years. Cataloging and acclaiming all of Joseph's reforms, he gave the emperor uncritical credit for the abolition of serfdom and of peasant labor services (robot), both civil and penal law reforms, the revival of trade, the creation of a disciplined army, education reforms, the building of hospitals and other public social service institutions, the abolition of superstition, the reform of the Church, the construction of roads and the "complete" abolition of mendicancy. Here, Szabo looks at some of Joseph II biographies written since 1790. |
| Author | Szabo, Franz A. J. |
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| Copyright | 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Copyright University of Chicago, acting through its Press Mar 2011 |
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| References | Beales (p_n_129); 2 de Roos Harke (p_n_128) 2005 Morgenstern Marczali's (p_n_83) 1875 Jäger Albert (p_n_77) 1867; 14 Landesregiereung Niederösterreichische (p_n_116) 1980 p_n_2 Beales (p_n_137); 2 p_n_1 Szabo A. J. (p_n_144) 1997 Bernard Paul P. (p_n_111) 1968 Blanning T. C. W. (p_n_113) 1994 Select (p_n_123) 1975 Wendrinsky Johann (p_n_68) 1880 Fejtö François (p_n_102) 1953 Gross-Hoffinger (p_n_64) 1847 Beales (p_n_136); 2 The (p_n_78); 5 Bérenger Jean (p_n_118) 1973; 1 Theresa Maria (p_n_79) 1867 Ingrao Charles (p_n_142); 58 p_n_140 Bérenger Jean (p_n_8) 2007 Mitrofanov Pavel Pavlovovich (p_n_90) 1907 Gross-Hoffinger Anton Johann (p_n_63) 1835; 4 Some (p_n_11) Johann Eulogius (p_n_15) Hellmuth Ernst (p_n_67) 1862 Blanning T. C. W. (p_n_112) 1970 p_n_27 Berger Sigmund (p_n_70) 1880 p_n_29 Meynert Hermann (p_n_66) 1862 Marczali Henrik (p_n_82) 1885; 8 Fejtö François (p_n_104) 1994 Fink Humbert (p_n_107) 1990 Some (p_n_19) (p_n_72) 1877 Beales Compare Derek (p_n_87) 1980; 33 Hasquin Hervé (p_n_9) 2007 (p_n_71) 1890 Mikoletzky Lorenz (p_n_114) 1979 Allemagne Joseph II (p_n_61) 1816 Brunner Sebastian (p_n_74) 1874 Benedikt Ernst (p_n_97) 1936; 1741 Padover Saul K. (p_n_93) 1932 p_n_124 Pezzl Johann (p_n_43) 1803 Beales Derek (p_n_127) 1987; 2 Irmen Hans-Josef (p_n_13) 1995 Bibl Viktor (p_n_101) 1943 Evans R. J. W. (p_n_6) 1979 p_n_39 Rosenstrauch-Königsberg Edith (p_n_28) 1988; 1765 Szabo Franz A. J. (p_n_133) 2005 Gutkas Karl (p_n_117) 1989 Mitrofanov Pavel Pavlovovich (p_n_92) 1916; 1 Benedikt Ernst (p_n_100) 1947 Magenschab Hans (p_n_106) 1979 Szabo Franz A. J. (p_n_135) 1979 Kubátová Ludmila (p_n_37) 1993; 4 (p_n_24) 1801 (p_n_12) 1930; 44 Gaum Johann Ferdinand (p_n_38) von Hormayr Joseph Freiherr (p_n_58) 1807 Padover Saul K. (p_n_94) 1934 Szabo Franz A. J. (p_n_134) 1997 p_n_139 Schreyvogel Friedrich (p_n_105) 1964 von Mitrofanov Paul (p_n_91) 1910 Fejtö François (p_n_103) 1956 Schneider Eulogius (p_n_16) Joseph (p_n_75) 1885 Taylor A. J. P. (p_n_7) 1809 Armbruster Johann Michael (p_n_55) Braudel Fernand (p_n_3) 1972 von Neuberg Franz (p_n_69) 1882 Brunner Sebastian (p_n_81) 1871 Molitor Ferenc (p_n_108) 1987 Joseph (p_n_76) 1874 Padover Saul K. (p_n_95) 1967 Huber Franz Xaver (p_n_48) Brunner Sebastian (p_n_73) 1868 Ungar Karel Rafael (p_n_34) |
| References_xml | – volume: 1765 start-page: 69 year: 1988 ident: p_n_28 publication-title: Literatur der Aufklärung contributor: fullname: Rosenstrauch-Königsberg Edith – volume: 1741 start-page: 6 year: 1936 ident: p_n_97 publication-title: Kaiser Joseph II. contributor: fullname: Benedikt Ernst – volume: 4 start-page: 183 issue: 3 year: 1993 ident: p_n_37 publication-title: Národní knihovna contributor: fullname: Kubátová Ludmila – volume-title: Kaiser Josef II.: Ein Vorkämpfer der Grossdeutschen Idee (Vienna and Leipzig year: 1943 ident: p_n_101 contributor: fullname: Bibl Viktor – volume: 1 volume-title: Les Gravamina: Remonstrances des Diètes de Hongrie de 1655 à 1681: Recherches sur les fondements du droit d'état (Paris year: 1973 ident: p_n_118 contributor: fullname: Bérenger Jean – volume-title: Beethovens Kaiserode year: 1995 ident: p_n_13 contributor: fullname: Irmen Hans-Josef – volume-title: Profiles in Power (London and New York year: 1994 ident: p_n_113 contributor: fullname: Blanning T. C. W. – volume: 2 start-page: 652 ident: p_n_137 publication-title: Joseph contributor: fullname: Beales – volume-title: Joseph II: Un Habsbourg révolutionnaire year: 1994 ident: p_n_104 contributor: fullname: Fejtö François – volume-title: Twayne's Rulers and Statesmen of the World Series (New York year: 1968 ident: p_n_111 contributor: fullname: Bernard Paul P. – volume: 44 start-page: 324 year: 1930 ident: p_n_12 publication-title: Mitteilungen des österreichischen Instituts für Geschichtsforschung doi: 10.7767/miog.1930.44.23.324 – volume-title: Ambivalenzen der Aufklärung: Festschrift für Ernst Wangermann, ed. Gerhard Ammerer and Hanns Haas (Vienna and Munich year: 1997 ident: p_n_144 contributor: fullname: Szabo A. J. – volume-title: Königs in Hungarn, und Böhmen etc., 2 vols. ident: p_n_48 contributor: fullname: Huber Franz Xaver – volume-title: ix, xix year: 1885 ident: p_n_75 contributor: fullname: Joseph – volume-title: Kaiser Josef II: Ein Lebens- und Charakterbild zur hundertjährigen Gedenkfeier seiner Thronbesteigung (Vienna year: 1880 ident: p_n_68 contributor: fullname: Wendrinsky Johann – volume-title: Un Habsbourg révolutionnaire year: 1953 ident: p_n_102 contributor: fullname: Fejtö François – volume-title: Joseph II: Ein Denkmal ident: p_n_55 contributor: fullname: Armbruster Johann Michael – start-page: 155 issue: 4 year: 1979 ident: p_n_135 publication-title: Società e storia contributor: fullname: Szabo Franz A. J. – volume: 5 start-page: 1848 ident: p_n_78 publication-title: Actenstücke und Denkwürdigkeiten der Lebens- und Zeitperiode Kaiser Josephs II contributor: fullname: The – ident: p_n_29 doi: 10.7767/9783205122197 – ident: p_n_139 doi: 10.2307/1852058 – ident: p_n_124 doi: 10.1017/S0067237800005233 – ident: p_n_1 doi: 10.1086/ahr.114.3.573 – volume-title: Rede auf den Tod Kaiser Joseph's II. ident: p_n_11 contributor: fullname: Some – volume-title: The Revolutionary Emperor: Joseph II of Austria, 2d ed. (London year: 1967 ident: p_n_95 contributor: fullname: Padover Saul K. – volume-title: Geschichte Josephs des Zweiten year: 1847 ident: p_n_64 contributor: fullname: Gross-Hoffinger – volume-title: Revolutionär von Gottes Gnaden (Graz year: 1979 ident: p_n_106 contributor: fullname: Magenschab Hans – volume-title: The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, translation of the original 1966 French edition by Sin Reynolds, 2 vols. (New York year: 1972 ident: p_n_3 contributor: fullname: Braudel Fernand – volume-title: Kaiser Joseph II.: Herrscher zwischen den Zeiten (Zürich and Frankfurt year: 1979 ident: p_n_114 contributor: fullname: Mikoletzky Lorenz – volume-title: He changed his name year: 1875 ident: p_n_83 contributor: fullname: Morgenstern Marczali's – volume-title: König und Reformer (Düsseldorf and New York year: 1990 ident: p_n_107 contributor: fullname: Fink Humbert – volume-title: Patriotische Rede über Joseph II. in höchster Gegenwart Sr. kurfürstl. Durchl. von Cöln, vor der literarischen Gesellschaft zu Bonn den 19. März 1790 gehalten ident: p_n_15 contributor: fullname: Johann Eulogius – volume: 8 volume-title: Magyarország története II. József koréaban, 3 vols. (Budapest year: 1885 ident: p_n_82 contributor: fullname: Marczali Henrik – volume: 2 start-page: 429 ident: p_n_129 publication-title: Joseph II contributor: fullname: Beales – ident: p_n_140 doi: 10.2307/1429361 – volume-title: Mozaikkockák valósághu arcképéhez (Budapest year: 1987 ident: p_n_108 contributor: fullname: Molitor Ferenc – volume-title: 3-4, and Die theologische Dienerschaft, 7-8, 515-31 year: 1874 ident: p_n_76 contributor: fullname: Joseph – volume-title: Oesterreichischer Plutarch, oder Leben und Bildnisse aller Regenten und berühmtesten Feldherrn, Staatsmänner, Gelehrten und Künstler des österreichischen Kaiserstaates (Vienna year: 1807 ident: p_n_58 contributor: fullname: von Hormayr Joseph Freiherr – volume-title: Kaiser Joseph II.: Ein Buch für's Volk (Prague year: 1862 ident: p_n_67 contributor: fullname: Hellmuth Ernst – volume-title: Seminar Studies in History (London year: 1970 ident: p_n_112 contributor: fullname: Blanning T. C. W. – volume-title: ihre Korrespondenz samt Briefen Josephs an seinen Bruder Leopold, 3 vols. (Vienna year: 1867 ident: p_n_79 contributor: fullname: Theresa Maria – volume-title: Ursula Rohden year: 1956 ident: p_n_103 contributor: fullname: Fejtö François – volume-title: Vater des Vaterlands: Ein Gegenstück zu dessen Schilderung im Februar der Minerva 1793 des H. Hauptmanns von Archenholz ident: p_n_34 contributor: fullname: Ungar Karel Rafael – volume-title: Mozart und seine Kaiser (Berlin year: 2005 ident: p_n_128 contributor: fullname: de Roos Harke – volume-title: Trauerrede auf Joseph II. gehalten vor dem hohen Reichskammergerichte zu Wetzlar, 1790 ident: p_n_16 contributor: fullname: Schneider Eulogius – volume-title: Adolf Kohut year: 1890 ident: p_n_71 – volume: 58 ident: p_n_142 publication-title: Journal of Modern History contributor: fullname: Ingrao Charles – volume-title: Ein Jahrhundert zu früh: Das Schicksal Joseph II. (Vienna year: 1964 ident: p_n_105 contributor: fullname: Schreyvogel Friedrich – ident: p_n_2 doi: 10.1086/ahr.114.3.579 – volume-title: The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550-1700: An Interpretation (Oxford year: 1979 ident: p_n_6 contributor: fullname: Evans R. J. W. – volume-title: The Habsburg Monarchy year: 1809 ident: p_n_7 contributor: fullname: Taylor A. J. P. – volume-title: Count] Lippe-Weissenfeld, Joseph II., geschildert von ident: p_n_19 contributor: fullname: Some – volume: 2 volume-title: the Shadow of Maria Theresa, 1741-1780 year: 1987 ident: p_n_127 contributor: fullname: Beales Derek – volume-title: Kaiser Joseph II.: Eine Biographie (Vienna and Darmstadt year: 1989 ident: p_n_117 contributor: fullname: Gutkas Karl – volume: 2 start-page: 168 ident: p_n_136 publication-title: Joseph contributor: fullname: Beales – volume-title: Die theologische Dienerschaft am Hof Josephs II.: Geheime Correspondenzen und Enthüllungen (Vienna year: 1868 ident: p_n_73 contributor: fullname: Brunner Sebastian – volume-title: Joseph II: Serviteur de l'état (Paris year: 2007 ident: p_n_8 contributor: fullname: Bérenger Jean – volume-title: Kaiser Josef II.: Sein Leben und Wirken year: 1880 ident: p_n_70 contributor: fullname: Berger Sigmund – volume-title: Leben Josephs des Zweyten: Aus Stransky's Staat von Böhmen (Prague year: 1801 ident: p_n_24 – ident: p_n_39 doi: 10.1017/S0018246X00008414 – volume-title: Miscellanea fontium historiae Europaeae: Emlékkönyv H. Balázs Éva történészprofesszor 80. születésnapjára, ed. János Kalmár (Budapest year: 1997 ident: p_n_134 contributor: fullname: Szabo Franz A. J. – volume-title: Kaiser Joseph II: Ein Beitrag zur Würdigung des Geistes seiner Regierung (Vienna year: 1862 ident: p_n_66 contributor: fullname: Meynert Hermann – volume-title: Joseph II: Seine politische und kulturelle Tätigkeit, trans. V[era Mitrofanov] von Demelič, ed. Hanns Schlitter, 2 vols. (Vienna and Leipzig year: 1910 ident: p_n_91 contributor: fullname: von Mitrofanov Paul – volume-title: Petersburg year: 1907 ident: p_n_90 contributor: fullname: Mitrofanov Pavel Pavlovovich – volume: 33 start-page: 142 year: 1980 ident: p_n_87 publication-title: Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs contributor: fullname: Beales Compare Derek – volume-title: Correspondances intimes de l'empereur Joseph II avec son ami le comte de Cobenzl et son premier ministre le prince de Kaunitz (Mainz year: 1871 ident: p_n_81 contributor: fullname: Brunner Sebastian – volume-title: peint par Iui-mème, avec un précis historiques sur la vie de ce prince, 2 vols. (Paris year: 1816 ident: p_n_61 contributor: fullname: Allemagne Joseph II – volume: 4 volume-title: Lebens- und Regierungsgeschichte Josephs des Zweiten und Gemälde seiner Zeit, 4 vols. (Leipzig year: 1835 ident: p_n_63 contributor: fullname: Gross-Hoffinger Anton Johann – volume-title: Joseph II: Catholique anticlérical et réformateur impatient (Brussels year: 2007 ident: p_n_9 contributor: fullname: Hasquin Hervé – volume-title: Joseph Richter's "Warum wird Kaiser Joseph von seinem Volke nicht geliebt? ident: p_n_27 – volume-title: Joseph II, 1741-1790 (London year: 1934 ident: p_n_94 contributor: fullname: Padover Saul K. – volume-title: Kaiser und Landesfürst., Niederösterreichische Landesausstellung, Stift Melk, March 29-November 2 year: 1980 ident: p_n_116 contributor: fullname: Landesregiereung Niederösterreichische – volume-title: Prince Kaunitz and the First Partition of Poland year: 1932 ident: p_n_93 contributor: fullname: Padover Saul K. – volume-title: Lebensbeschreibung Kaiser Josephs II: Bis an Seinen Tod ident: p_n_38 contributor: fullname: Gaum Johann Ferdinand – volume-title: Kaiser Joseph II., 1741-1790 (Vienna year: 1947 ident: p_n_100 contributor: fullname: Benedikt Ernst – volume-title: Charakteristik Josephs des Zweiten: Eine historisch-biographische Skizze (Vienna, 1790 year: 1803 ident: p_n_43 contributor: fullname: Pezzl Johann – volume-title: Kaiser Josef II., der Wohlthäter seines Volkes, oder getreue Darstellung seines Lebens und seiner Reformbestrebungen nebst den interessantesten Aufschlüssen über die damaligen Zeitbegebenheiten year: 1882 ident: p_n_69 contributor: fullname: von Neuberg Franz – volume-title: Politics and Culture in the Age of Joseph II, ed. Franz A. J. Szabo, Antal Szántay year: 2005 ident: p_n_133 contributor: fullname: Szabo Franz A. J. – volume: 1 volume-title: Leopol'd II Avstriiskii: Vneshniaia politika (Petrograd year: 1916 ident: p_n_92 contributor: fullname: Mitrofanov Pavel Pavlovovich – volume-title: La Wallonie, 2 vols. (Brussels year: 1975 ident: p_n_123 contributor: fullname: Select – volume-title: Joseph II: Charakteristik seines Lebens, seiner Regierung und seiner Kirchenreform (Freiburg i/B year: 1874 ident: p_n_74 contributor: fullname: Brunner Sebastian – volume-title: Hölder's Historische Bibliothek für die Jugend (Vienna year: 1877 ident: p_n_72 – volume: 14 volume-title: Kaiser Joseph II. und Leopold II.: Reform und Gegenreform, 1780-1792 year: 1867 ident: p_n_77 contributor: fullname: Jäger Albert |
| RelatedPersons | Caraccioli, Louis Antoine Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-90) |
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| Snippet | The French writer, poet, and biographer of Pope Clement XIV, Louis Antoine Caraccioli published his biography of Joseph II, La Vie de Joseph II, immediately... Historians of the Habsburg Monarchy continue to use biography effectively to come to terms with the peculiar complexities of this empire. Of the monarchs none... |
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| SubjectTerms | 18th century Abolition Absolutism Biographies Caraccioli, Louis Antoine Despotism Economic reform Emperors Empires Enlightenment European history Historians Historical analysis Historiography History of political ideas Joseph II [Emperor] Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-90) Kings Liberalism Monarchy Reform Reforms Review Article Tax reform Writers |
| Title | Changing Perspectives on the “Revolutionary Emperor”: Joseph II Biographies since 1790 |
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