Pathological Gait Classification Using Early and Late Fusion of Foot Pressure and Skeleton Data

• Published in: Applied sciences Vol. 14; no. 2; p. 558
• Main Authors: Naseem, Muhammad Tahir, Seo, Haneol, Kim, Na-Hyun, Lee, Chan-Su
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-01-2024
• Subjects: Accuracy; Artificial intelligence; Cameras; Classification; Datasets; deep learning; early fusion; foot pressure; Gait; late fusion; Machine learning; Methods; Neural networks; Pedestrians; Sarcopenia; Semantics; Sensors; skeleton; Support vector machines
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app14020558

Classifying pathological gaits is crucial for identifying impairments in specific areas of the human body. Previous studies have extensively employed machine learning and deep learning (DL) methods, using various wearable (e.g., inertial sensors) and non-wearable (e.g., foot pressure plates and depth cameras) sensors. This study proposes early and late fusion methods through DL to categorize one normal and five abnormal (antalgic, lurch, steppage, stiff-legged, and Trendelenburg) pathological gaits. Initially, single-modal approaches were utilized: first, foot pressure data were augmented for transformer-based models; second, skeleton data were applied to a spatiotemporal graph convolutional network (ST-GCN). Subsequently, a multi-modal approach using early fusion by concatenating features from both the foot pressure and skeleton datasets was introduced. Finally, multi-modal fusions, applying early fusion to the feature vector and late fusion by merging outputs from both modalities with and without varying weights, were evaluated. The foot pressure-based and skeleton-based models achieved 99.04% and 78.24% accuracy, respectively. The proposed multi-modal approach using early fusion achieved 99.86% accuracy, whereas the late fusion method achieved 96.95% accuracy without weights and 99.17% accuracy with different weights. Thus, the proposed multi-modal models using early fusion methods demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on the GIST pathological gait database.