Grid-Forming Control: Advancements towards 100% Inverter-Based Grids—A Review

• Published in: Energies (Basel) Vol. 16; no. 22; p. 7579
• Main Authors: Ebinyu, Emmanuel, Abdel-Rahim, Omar, Mansour, Diaa-Eldin A., Shoyama, Masahito, Abdelkader, Sobhy M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-11-2023
• Subjects: Alternative energy sources; Control systems; Controllers; Design; Electricity distribution; Force and energy; grid forming; Inertia; Interoperability; inverter control; inverter-dominated grid; low inertia; power synchronisation; Renewable resources; universal grid-forming control
• ISSN: 1996-1073; 1996-1073
• DOI: 10.3390/en16227579

Changes are being implemented in the electrical power grid to accommodate the increased penetration of renewable energy sources interfaced with grid-connected inverters. The grid-forming (GFM) control paradigm of inverters in active power grids has emerged as a technique through which to tackle the effects of the diminishing dominance of synchronous generators (SGs) and is preferred to the grid-following (GFL) control for providing system control and stability in converter-dominated grids. Therefore, the development of the GFM control is important as the grid advances towards 100% inverter-based grids. In this paper, therefore, we aim to review the changing grid scenario; the behaviour of grid-connected inverter control paradigms and major GFM inverter controls, including their modifications to tackle low inertia, reduced power quality, fault-ride through capability, and reduced stability; and the state-of-the-art GFM models that are pushing the universality of GFM inverter control.