Ectoplasmic specializations in the Sertoli cell: new vistas based on genetic defects and testicular toxicology

The ectoplasmic specialization is a unique junctional complex formed in two cortical areas of the Sertoli cell in the mammalian testis: one near the base of the seminiferous epithelium forming the blood–testis barrier, and the other near the lumen of the seminiferous tubule embracing the acrosome re...

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Published in:	Anatomical Science International Vol. 78; no. 1; pp. 1 - 16
Main Authors:	Toyama, Yoshiro, Maekawa, Mamiko, Yuasa, Shigeki
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing, Ltd 01-03-2003 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Actin Animals Blood-Testis Barrier - drug effects Blood-Testis Barrier - genetics blood–testis barrier Cell Membrane - drug effects Cell Membrane - metabolism Cell Membrane - ultrastructure Cytoskeletal Proteins - deficiency Cytoskeletal Proteins - genetics ectoplasmic specialization Endocrine disruptors Endoplasmic reticulum Epithelium Estrogens Estrogens - pharmacology Filaments Humans Male Mice Mice, Knockout Phenotypes Seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell Sertoli Cells - drug effects Sertoli Cells - metabolism Sertoli Cells - ultrastructure Specialization Spermatids Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis - drug effects Spermatogenesis - genetics testis Tight Junctions - drug effects Tight Junctions - metabolism Tight Junctions - ultrastructure
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Abstract	The ectoplasmic specialization is a unique junctional complex formed in two cortical areas of the Sertoli cell in the mammalian testis: one near the base of the seminiferous epithelium forming the blood–testis barrier, and the other near the lumen of the seminiferous tubule embracing the acrosome region of the developing spermatids. The specialization consists of the Sertoli cell plasma membrane, a subsurface cistern of the endoplasmic reticulum and a layer of closely packed actin filaments that is sandwiched between the plasma membrane and the subsurface cistern. No functions of the specializations other than the blood–testis barrier have been established. However, over the past decade, knowledge about the ectoplasmic specialization has been steadily accumulating and, in particular, there has been a tremendous increase in knowledge based on molecular biological approaches to specialization‐associated proteins, including tight junction‐associated proteins, based on phenotype analyses of gene‐knockout mice and mutant animals, and based on analyses of the effects of exogenous estrogens, so‐called endocrine disruptors. Progress in studies on the ectoplasmic specialization will facilitate the elucidation of numerous important questions regarding spermatogenesis, including the pathogenesis of azoospermia and the mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors.
AbstractList	The ectoplasmic specialization is a unique junctional complex formed in two cortical areas of the Sertoli cell in the mammalian testis: one near the base of the seminiferous epithelium forming the blood—testis barrier, and the other near the lumen of the seminiferous tubule embracing the acrosome region of the developing spermatids. The specialization consists of the Sertoli cell plasma membrane, a subsurface cistern of the endoplasmic reticulum and a layer of closely packed actin filaments that is sandwiched between the plasma membrane and the subsurface cistern. No functions of the specializations other than the blood—testis barrier have been established. However, over the past decade, knowledge about the ectoplasmic specialization has been steadily accumulating and, in particular, there has been a tremendous increase in knowledge based on molecular biological approaches to specialization-associated proteins, including tight junction-associated proteins, based on phenotype analyses of gene-knockout mice and mutant animals, and based on analyses of the effects of exogenous estrogens, so-called endocrine disruptors. Progress in studies on the ectoplasmic specialization will facilitate the elucidation of numerous important questions regarding spermatogenesis, including the pathogenesis of azoospermia and the mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors. Abstract The ectoplasmic specialization is a unique junctional complex formed in two cortical areas of the Sertoli cell in the mammalian testis: one near the base of the seminiferous epithelium forming the blood-testis barrier, and the other near the lumen of the seminiferous tubule embracing the acrosome region of the developing spermatids. The specialization consists of the Sertoli cell plasma membrane, a subsurface cistern of the endoplasmic reticulum and a layer of closely packed actin filaments that is sandwiched between the plasma membrane and the subsurface cistern. No functions of the specializations other than the blood-testis barrier have been established. However, over the past decade, knowledge about the ectoplasmic specialization has been steadily accumulating and, in particular, there has been a tremendous increase in knowledge based on molecular biological approaches to specialization-associated proteins, including tight junction-associated proteins, based on phenotype analyses of gene-knockout mice and mutant animals, and based on analyses of the effects of exogenous estrogens, so-called endocrine disruptors. Progress in studies on the ectoplasmic specialization will facilitate the elucidation of numerous important questions regarding spermatogenesis, including the pathogenesis of azoospermia and the mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors.
Author	Maekawa, Mamiko Toyama, Yoshiro Yuasa, Shigeki
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Yoshiro surname: Toyama fullname: Toyama, Yoshiro – sequence: 2 givenname: Mamiko surname: Maekawa fullname: Maekawa, Mamiko – sequence: 3 givenname: Shigeki surname: Yuasa fullname: Yuasa, Shigeki
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12680465$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Notes	Present address Shigeki Yuasa, Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi‐cho 4‐1‐1, Kodaira, Tokyo 187–8502, Japan.
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Snippet	The ectoplasmic specialization is a unique junctional complex formed in two cortical areas of the Sertoli cell in the mammalian testis: one near the base of... Abstract The ectoplasmic specialization is a unique junctional complex formed in two cortical areas of the Sertoli cell in the mammalian testis: one near the...
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SubjectTerms	Actin Animals Blood-Testis Barrier - drug effects Blood-Testis Barrier - genetics blood–testis barrier Cell Membrane - drug effects Cell Membrane - metabolism Cell Membrane - ultrastructure Cytoskeletal Proteins - deficiency Cytoskeletal Proteins - genetics ectoplasmic specialization Endocrine disruptors Endoplasmic reticulum Epithelium Estrogens Estrogens - pharmacology Filaments Humans Male Mice Mice, Knockout Phenotypes Seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell Sertoli Cells - drug effects Sertoli Cells - metabolism Sertoli Cells - ultrastructure Specialization Spermatids Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis - drug effects Spermatogenesis - genetics testis Tight Junctions - drug effects Tight Junctions - metabolism Tight Junctions - ultrastructure
Title	Ectoplasmic specializations in the Sertoli cell: new vistas based on genetic defects and testicular toxicology
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