Plio-Pleistocene synsedimentary fault compartments, foundation for the eastern Olduvai Basin paleoenvironmental mosaic, Tanzania

• Published in: Journal of human evolution Vol. 63; no. 2; pp. 309 - 327
• Main Authors: Stollhofen, Harald, Stanistreet, Ian G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01-08-2012
• Subjects: Animals; Climate; East African Rift; Ecosystem; Environment; Fossils; Fresh Water; Geologic Sediments; Hominidae; Hominids; Hydrology; Landscape; Oldowan hominins; Olduvai Gorge; Paleoecology; Paleontology; Soil - analysis; Tanzania; Topography; Volcanic Eruptions; Volcaniclastic sediments; Volcanoes; Water resources; Olduvai Gorge; East African Rift; Volcaniclastic sediments; Oldowan hominins
• ISSN: 0047-2484; 1095-8606
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.10.002

Normal faults displacing Upper Bed I and Lower Bed II strata of the Plio-Pleistocene Lake Olduvai were studied on the basis of facies and thickness changes as well as diversion of transport directions across them in order to establish criteria for their synsedimentary activity. Decompacted differential thicknesses across faults were then used to calculate average fault slip rates of 0.05–0.47 mm/yr for the Tuff IE/IF interval (Upper Bed I) and 0.01–0.13 mm/yr for the Tuff IF/IIA section (Lower Bed II). Considering fault recurrence intervals of ∼1000 years, fault scarp heights potentially achieved average values of 0.05–0.47 m and a maximum value of 5.4 m during Upper Bed I, which dropped to average values of 0.01–0.13 m and a localized maximum of 0.72 m during Lower Bed II deposition.
Synsedimentary faults were of importance to the form and paleoecology of landscapes utilized by early hominins, most traceably and provably Homo habilis as illustrated by the recurrent density and compositional pattern of Oldowan stone artifact assemblage variation across them. Two potential relationship factors are: (1) fault scarp topographies controlled sediment distribution, surface, and subsurface hydrology, and thus vegetation, so that a resulting mosaic of microenvironments and paleoecologies provided a variety of opportunities for omnivorous hominins; and (2) they ensured that the most voluminous and violent pyroclastic flows from the Mt. Olmoti volcano were dammed and conduited away from the Olduvai Basin depocenter, when otherwise a single or set of ignimbrite flows might have filled and devastated the topography that contained the central lake body. In addition, hydraulically active faults may have conduited groundwater, supporting freshwater springs and wetlands and favoring growth of trees.