Income Levels and Response to Contingency Management for Smoking Cessation

• Published in: Substance use & misuse Vol. 52; no. 7; pp. 875 - 883
• Main Authors: López-Núñez, Carla, Secades-Villa, Roberto, Peña-Suárez, Elsa, Fernández-Artamendi, Sergio, Weidberg, Sara
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Taylor & Francis 07-06-2017; Taylor & Francis Ltd
• Subjects: Abstinence; Adult; Attrition; Behavior modification; Cessation; Clinical outcomes; Clinical trials; Cognitive behavioral therapy; Cognitive Therapy - methods; Community; community setting; Contingency learning; Contingency management; Dissemination; Efficacy; Female; Generalizability; Help seeking behavior; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotine; Patients; Reinforcement; Retention; Smoking; Smoking cessation; Smoking Cessation - economics; socio-economic status; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult; income; community setting; Contingency management; smoking cessation; socio-economic status
• ISSN: 1082-6084; 1532-2491
• DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1264973

Background: Contingency management (CM) has demonstrated its efficacy in treating many drug addictions, including nicotine. However, one of the most commonly perceived limitations with regard to its dissemination into community settings is whether this protocol could be equally effective for treating patients across different income levels. Objective: This study aimed to examine whether individuals' income levels affect treatment success in a cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) that included a voucher-based CM protocol for smoking cessation. Methods: A total of 92 treatment-seeking smokers in a community setting were randomly assigned to a CBT group (N = 49) or to a CBT plus CM group (N = 43). The CM procedure included a voucher program through which smoking abstinence was reinforced on a schedule of escalating magnitude of reinforcement with a reset contingency. We analyzed the impact of self-reported monthly income, alone and in combination with treatment condition, on short-term (treatment retention) and long-term (self-reported number of days of continuous smoking abstinence at 6-month follow-up) results. Results: Income had no effect on treatment retention and continuous abstinence outcomes at 6-month follow-up in either treatment condition. Treatment modality emerged as the only significant predictor of treatment success. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that treatment-seeking smokers from the general population respond equally well to CM regardless of their income levels. The results of this randomized controlled trial support the generalizability of this evidenced-based program into community settings.