Acute lower limb ischemia: Pathogenesis and management
Acute lower limb ischemia continues to be a problem both in diagnosis and management. The high mortality rate appears to be related to the metabolic consequences of ischemia, a function not only of time, but also of severity. The etiology of acute ischemia is reviewed along with the pathophysiologic...
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Published in: | World journal of surgery Vol. 7; no. 3; pp. 340 - 346 |
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Format: | Journal Article |
Language: | English |
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Springer‐Verlag
01-05-1983
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Abstract | Acute lower limb ischemia continues to be a problem both in diagnosis and management. The high mortality rate appears to be related to the metabolic consequences of ischemia, a function not only of time, but also of severity. The etiology of acute ischemia is reviewed along with the pathophysiological response. The management of the patient centers on diagnosis of cause and estimation of the severity of ischemia. Correction of metabolic disturbances and early restoration of flow is the preferred treatment, although there remains a place for late operative intervention in patients with less severe symptoms. Despite improved diagnostic and operative techniques, the thrombotic and metabolic changes that occur in the small vessels and muscular tissues appear to limit the success rate, with mortality rates remaining around 25%.
Résumé
L'ischémie aiguË du membre inférieur continue à poser des problèmes de diagnostic et de traitement. La haute mortalité est en corrélation avec les conséquences métaboliques de l'ischémie. Elle est fonction non seulement de sa durée mais aussi de sa gravité.
L'étiologie de l'ischémie aiguË et ses conséquences physiopathologiques sont passées en revue. Le traitement est centré sur le diagnostic étiologique et sur l'intensité de l'ischémie aiguË. La correction des altérations métaboliques et la restauration rapide du flux artériel constituent le meilleur traitement, bien que reste une place pour l'intervention tardive lorsque les symptÔmes sont relativement modérés. Malgré l'amélioration du diagnostic et des techniques opératoires, les altérations métaboliques et la thrombose qui se manifestent au niveau des petits vaisseaux et du tissu musculaire font que le taux de la mortalité est voisin de 25%.
o
La isquemia aguda de las extremidades continÚa siendo un problema tanto en el diagnóstico como en el tratamiento. La elevada mortalidad parece estar relacionado con las consecuencias metabólicas de la isquemia, una función no solo de tiempo, sino también de severidad. Se revisa la etiología de la isquemia aguda junto con la respuesta patofisiológica. El manejo del paciente se fundamenta en el diagnóstico de la causa y en la estimatión de la severidad de la isquemia. La corrección de las alteraciones metabólicas y el pronto restablecimiento del flujo constituyen el tratamiento de preferencia, aÚn cuando deja margen para la intervención tardía en pacientes con síntomas menos severos. A pesar de los avances en las técnicas de diagnóstico y operatorias, las alteraciones trombóticas y metabólicas que ocurren en los vasos menores y en los tejidos musculares aparecen limitando las tasas de éxito, con mortalidades residuales de alrededor de 25%. |
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AbstractList | Abstract
Acute lower limb ischemia continues to be a problem both in diagnosis and management. The high mortality rate appears to be related to the metabolic consequences of ischemia, a function not only of time, but also of severity. The etiology of acute ischemia is reviewed along with the pathophysiological response. The management of the patient centers on diagnosis of cause and estimation of the severity of ischemia. Correction of metabolic disturbances and early restoration of flow is the preferred treatment, although there remains a place for late operative intervention in patients with less severe symptoms. Despite improved diagnostic and operative techniques, the thrombotic and metabolic changes that occur in the small vessels and muscular tissues appear to limit the success rate, with mortality rates remaining around 25%.
Résumé
L'ischémie aiguË du membre inférieur continue à poser des problèmes de diagnostic et de traitement. La haute mortalité est en corrélation avec les conséquences métaboliques de l'ischémie. Elle est fonction non seulement de sa durée mais aussi de sa gravité.
L'étiologie de l'ischémie aiguË et ses conséquences physiopathologiques sont passées en revue. Le traitement est centré sur le diagnostic étiologique et sur l'intensité de l'ischémie aiguË. La correction des altérations métaboliques et la restauration rapide du flux artériel constituent le meilleur traitement, bien que reste une place pour l'intervention tardive lorsque les symptÔmes sont relativement modérés. Malgré l'amélioration du diagnostic et des techniques opératoires, les altérations métaboliques et la thrombose qui se manifestent au niveau des petits vaisseaux et du tissu musculaire font que le taux de la mortalité est voisin de 25%.
Abstracto
La isquemia aguda de las extremidades continÚa siendo un problema tanto en el diagnóstico como en el tratamiento. La elevada mortalidad parece estar relacionado con las consecuencias metabólicas de la isquemia, una función no solo de tiempo, sino también de severidad. Se revisa la etiología de la isquemia aguda junto con la respuesta patofisiológica. El manejo del paciente se fundamenta en el diagnóstico de la causa y en la estimatión de la severidad de la isquemia. La corrección de las alteraciones metabólicas y el pronto restablecimiento del flujo constituyen el tratamiento de preferencia, aÚn cuando deja margen para la intervención tardía en pacientes con síntomas menos severos. A pesar de los avances en las técnicas de diagnóstico y operatorias, las alteraciones trombóticas y metabólicas que ocurren en los vasos menores y en los tejidos musculares aparecen limitando las tasas de éxito, con mortalidades residuales de alrededor de 25%. Acute lower limb ischemia continues to be a problem both in diagnosis and management. The high mortality rate appears to be related to the metabolic consequences of ischemia, a function not only of time, but also of severity. The etiology of acute ischemia is reviewed along with the pathophysiological response. The management of the patient centers on diagnosis of cause and estimation of the severity of ischemia. Correction of metabolic disturbances and early restoration of flow is the preferred treatment, although there remains a place for late operative intervention in patients with less severe symptoms. Despite improved diagnostic and operative techniques, the thrombotic and metabolic changes that occur in the small vessels and muscular tissues appear to limit the success rate, with mortality rates remaining around 25%. Résumé L'ischémie aiguË du membre inférieur continue à poser des problèmes de diagnostic et de traitement. La haute mortalité est en corrélation avec les conséquences métaboliques de l'ischémie. Elle est fonction non seulement de sa durée mais aussi de sa gravité. L'étiologie de l'ischémie aiguË et ses conséquences physiopathologiques sont passées en revue. Le traitement est centré sur le diagnostic étiologique et sur l'intensité de l'ischémie aiguË. La correction des altérations métaboliques et la restauration rapide du flux artériel constituent le meilleur traitement, bien que reste une place pour l'intervention tardive lorsque les symptÔmes sont relativement modérés. Malgré l'amélioration du diagnostic et des techniques opératoires, les altérations métaboliques et la thrombose qui se manifestent au niveau des petits vaisseaux et du tissu musculaire font que le taux de la mortalité est voisin de 25%. o La isquemia aguda de las extremidades continÚa siendo un problema tanto en el diagnóstico como en el tratamiento. La elevada mortalidad parece estar relacionado con las consecuencias metabólicas de la isquemia, una función no solo de tiempo, sino también de severidad. Se revisa la etiología de la isquemia aguda junto con la respuesta patofisiológica. El manejo del paciente se fundamenta en el diagnóstico de la causa y en la estimatión de la severidad de la isquemia. La corrección de las alteraciones metabólicas y el pronto restablecimiento del flujo constituyen el tratamiento de preferencia, aÚn cuando deja margen para la intervención tardía en pacientes con síntomas menos severos. A pesar de los avances en las técnicas de diagnóstico y operatorias, las alteraciones trombóticas y metabólicas que ocurren en los vasos menores y en los tejidos musculares aparecen limitando las tasas de éxito, con mortalidades residuales de alrededor de 25%. |
Author | Lusby, Robert J. Wylie, Edwin J. |
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Cites_doi | 10.1002/bjs.1800591212 10.1001/archsurg.1970.01340300019005 10.3109/17453676808989435 10.1001/archsurg.1982.01380350069010 10.1097/00000658-197006010-00020 10.1042/bj0440410 |
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References | 1981; 90 1973; 73 1970; 101 1963; 45 1966; 59 1963; 116 1980; 150 1974; 3 1977 1976; 53 1968; 18 1976; 79 1949; 44 1968; 39 1982; 117 1963; 4 1978; 84 1970; 171 1970; 67 1982; 155 1964; 55 1978; 146 1979; 20 1979; 86 1972; 59 Malan E. (e_1_2_1_15_1) 1963; 4 Fogarty T.J. (e_1_2_1_25_1) 1963; 116 Nielsen L. (e_1_2_1_9_1) 1968; 18 Thompson J.E. (e_1_2_1_4_1) 1970; 67 Smith C. (e_1_2_1_11_1) 1981; 90 e_1_2_1_21_1 Jarrett F. (e_1_2_1_23_1) 1979; 86 Dunant J.H. (e_1_2_1_16_1) 1973; 73 Blaisdell F.W. (e_1_2_1_2_1) 1978; 84 e_1_2_1_26_1 Hight W. (e_1_2_1_7_1) 1976; 79 Mullick S. (e_1_2_1_13_1) 1978; 146 Spencer R.C. (e_1_2_1_17_1) 1964; 55 Rosato F.E. (e_1_2_1_27_1) 1966; 59 Levin B.H. (e_1_2_1_22_1) 1982; 155 Satiani B. (e_1_2_1_6_1) 1980; 150 e_1_2_1_8_1 Fogarty T.J. (e_1_2_1_5_1) 1977 e_1_2_1_10_1 Haimovici H. (e_1_2_1_20_1) 1979; 20 e_1_2_1_14_1 Jameson R.L. (e_1_2_1_24_1) 1974; 3 Perry M.O. (e_1_2_1_12_1) 1977 Adams J.P. (e_1_2_1_19_1) 1963; 45 DeWeese J.A. (e_1_2_1_3_1) 1976; 53 e_1_2_1_18_1 |
References_xml | – volume: 45 start-page: 876 year: 1963 article-title: Discussion. Tourniquet ischemia and hypothermia: Effect on volume of extremity publication-title: J. Bone Joint Surg. – volume: 84 start-page: 822 year: 1978 article-title: Management of acute lower extremity arterial ischemia due to embolism and thrombosis publication-title: Surgery – volume: 67 start-page: 212 year: 1970 article-title: Arterial embolectomy: A 2‐year experience with 163 cases publication-title: Surgery – volume: 146 start-page: 821 year: 1978 article-title: The tourniquet in operations upon the extremities publication-title: Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. – volume: 150 start-page: 41 year: 1980 article-title: Immediate prognosis and five‐year survival after arterial embolectomy following myocardial infarction publication-title: Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. – volume: 53 start-page: A year: 1976 end-page: 39 article-title: Optimal resources for vascular surgery publication-title: Circulation – volume: 90 start-page: 20 year: 1981 article-title: Pediatric vascular injuries publication-title: Surgery – volume: 39 start-page: 13 year: 1968 article-title: Morphological changes in striated muscles during ischemia publication-title: Acta Orthop. Scand. – volume: 155 start-page: 549 year: 1982 article-title: Delayed arterial embolectomy publication-title: Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. – volume: 20 start-page: 349 year: 1979 article-title: Metabolic complications of acute arterial occlusions publication-title: J. Cardiovasc. Surg. – start-page: 413 year: 1977 end-page: 422 article-title: Acute arterial injury – volume: 4 start-page: 2 year: 1963 article-title: Physio‐ and anato‐pathology of acute ischemia of the extremities publication-title: J. Cardiovasc. Surg. – volume: 86 start-page: 898 year: 1979 article-title: Late appearance of arterial emboli: Diagnosis and management publication-title: Surgery – volume: 79 start-page: 172 year: 1976 article-title: Changing clinical trends in patients with peripheral arterial emboli publication-title: Surgery – volume: 55 start-page: 64 year: 1964 article-title: Delayed arterial embolectomy. A new concept publication-title: Surgery – volume: 117 start-page: 1479 year: 1982 article-title: Carotid plaque hemorrhage: Its role in production of cerebral ischemia publication-title: Arch. Surg. – volume: 59 start-page: 3 year: 1966 article-title: Subcutaneous fasciotomy. Description of new technique and instrument publication-title: Surgery – volume: 171 start-page: 979 year: 1970 article-title: Arterial embolectomy after acute myocardial infarction: A study of 31 patients publication-title: Ann. 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Obstet. – volume: 101 start-page: 663 year: 1970 article-title: Fasciotomy in peripheral vascular surgery publication-title: Arch. Surg. – start-page: 423 year: 1977 end-page: 431 article-title: The management of embolic and thrombotic arterial occlusion – volume: 44 start-page: 410 year: 1949 article-title: Accumulation of glutamic acid in isolated brain tissue publication-title: Biochem. J. – volume: 116 start-page: 241 year: 1963 ident: e_1_2_1_25_1 article-title: A method for extraction of arterial emboli and thrombi publication-title: Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. contributor: fullname: Fogarty T.J. – volume: 45 start-page: 876 year: 1963 ident: e_1_2_1_19_1 article-title: Discussion. Tourniquet ischemia and hypothermia: Effect on volume of extremity publication-title: J. Bone Joint Surg. contributor: fullname: Adams J.P. – ident: e_1_2_1_21_1 doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800591212 – volume: 59 start-page: 3 year: 1966 ident: e_1_2_1_27_1 article-title: Subcutaneous fasciotomy. Description of new technique and instrument publication-title: Surgery contributor: fullname: Rosato F.E. – volume: 3 start-page: 205 year: 1974 ident: e_1_2_1_24_1 article-title: The role of cellular swelling in the pathogenesis of organ ischemia publication-title: West. J. Med. contributor: fullname: Jameson R.L. – start-page: 413 volume-title: Vascular Surgery year: 1977 ident: e_1_2_1_12_1 contributor: fullname: Perry M.O. – volume: 86 start-page: 898 year: 1979 ident: e_1_2_1_23_1 article-title: Late appearance of arterial emboli: Diagnosis and management publication-title: Surgery contributor: fullname: Jarrett F. – ident: e_1_2_1_26_1 doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1970.01340300019005 – ident: e_1_2_1_14_1 doi: 10.3109/17453676808989435 – volume: 18 start-page: 249 year: 1968 ident: e_1_2_1_9_1 article-title: The operative treatment of emboli in the extremities of patients with acute coronary occlusion publication-title: Dan. Med. Bull. contributor: fullname: Nielsen L. – ident: e_1_2_1_10_1 doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1982.01380350069010 – volume: 84 start-page: 822 year: 1978 ident: e_1_2_1_2_1 article-title: Management of acute lower extremity arterial ischemia due to embolism and thrombosis publication-title: Surgery contributor: fullname: Blaisdell F.W. – ident: e_1_2_1_8_1 doi: 10.1097/00000658-197006010-00020 – volume: 73 start-page: 240 year: 1973 ident: e_1_2_1_16_1 article-title: Small vessel occlusion in the extremity after various periods of arterial obstruction: An experimental study publication-title: Surgery contributor: fullname: Dunant J.H. – volume: 67 start-page: 212 year: 1970 ident: e_1_2_1_4_1 article-title: Arterial embolectomy: A 2‐year experience with 163 cases publication-title: Surgery contributor: fullname: Thompson J.E. – volume: 4 start-page: 2 year: 1963 ident: e_1_2_1_15_1 article-title: Physio‐ and anato‐pathology of acute ischemia of the extremities publication-title: J. Cardiovasc. Surg. contributor: fullname: Malan E. – volume: 20 start-page: 349 year: 1979 ident: e_1_2_1_20_1 article-title: Metabolic complications of acute arterial occlusions publication-title: J. Cardiovasc. Surg. contributor: fullname: Haimovici H. – volume: 155 start-page: 549 year: 1982 ident: e_1_2_1_22_1 article-title: Delayed arterial embolectomy publication-title: Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. contributor: fullname: Levin B.H. – volume: 150 start-page: 41 year: 1980 ident: e_1_2_1_6_1 article-title: Immediate prognosis and five‐year survival after arterial embolectomy following myocardial infarction publication-title: Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. contributor: fullname: Satiani B. – volume: 79 start-page: 172 year: 1976 ident: e_1_2_1_7_1 article-title: Changing clinical trends in patients with peripheral arterial emboli publication-title: Surgery contributor: fullname: Hight W. – volume: 55 start-page: 64 year: 1964 ident: e_1_2_1_17_1 article-title: Delayed arterial embolectomy. A new concept publication-title: Surgery contributor: fullname: Spencer R.C. – start-page: 423 volume-title: Vascular Surgery year: 1977 ident: e_1_2_1_5_1 contributor: fullname: Fogarty T.J. – volume: 90 start-page: 20 year: 1981 ident: e_1_2_1_11_1 article-title: Pediatric vascular injuries publication-title: Surgery contributor: fullname: Smith C. – volume: 53 start-page: A year: 1976 ident: e_1_2_1_3_1 article-title: Optimal resources for vascular surgery publication-title: Circulation contributor: fullname: DeWeese J.A. – volume: 146 start-page: 821 year: 1978 ident: e_1_2_1_13_1 article-title: The tourniquet in operations upon the extremities publication-title: Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. contributor: fullname: Mullick S. – ident: e_1_2_1_18_1 doi: 10.1042/bj0440410 |
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Snippet | Acute lower limb ischemia continues to be a problem both in diagnosis and management. The high mortality rate appears to be related to the metabolic... Abstract Acute lower limb ischemia continues to be a problem both in diagnosis and management. The high mortality rate appears to be related to the metabolic... |
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SubjectTerms | Como Humans Ischemia Ischemia - etiology Ischemia - mortality Ischemia - physiopathology Ischemia - surgery Leg - blood supply Metabolic Change Operative Intervention Small Vessel |
Title | Acute lower limb ischemia: Pathogenesis and management |
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