Livedo racemosa in neurological diseases: an update on the differential diagnoses

• Published in: European journal of neurology Vol. 27; no. 10; pp. 1832 - 1843
• Main Authors: Mitri, F., Enk, A., Bersano, A., Kraemer, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-10-2020
• Subjects: adenosine deaminase type 2; Divry van Bogaert syndrome; Etiology; Inflammation; livedo racemosa; livedo reticularis; Neurological diseases; Pediatrics; Physicians; Physiology; Sneddon syndrome; Divry van Bogaert syndrome; Sneddon syndrome; adenosine deaminase type 2; livedo racemosa; livedo reticularis
• ISSN: 1351-5101; 1468-1331
• DOI: 10.1111/ene.14390

Livedo is a net‐like violaceous skin pattern. It can be classified as physiological or pathological. The physiological livedo reticularis usually appears in cold conditions, whereas the pathological and irregular livedo, which persists in warm temperatures, is often labeled as ‘livedo racemosa’. Some neurological pathologies are associated with livedo, most commonly those with an inflammatory component or those derived from systemic disorders. The present review summarizes the most important central and peripheral neurological diseases in pediatric and adult age groups associated with livedo, providing physicians with an overview of the clinical presentation, etiology, diagnosis and management of these conditions.