Efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme with and without virtual reality support to reduce stress in university students: A randomized controlled trial
To evaluate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme (MBP) for reducing stress in university students and its action mechanisms and to explore the capacity of virtual reality (VR) exposure to enhance adherence to the intervention. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved assessment time...
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| Published in: | Behaviour research and therapy Vol. 142; p. 103866 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
01-07-2021
Elsevier Science Ltd |
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| Abstract | To evaluate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme (MBP) for reducing stress in university students and its action mechanisms and to explore the capacity of virtual reality (VR) exposure to enhance adherence to the intervention.
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved assessment time points of baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. A total of 280 students from two Spanish universities were randomly assigned to ‘MBP’, ‘MBP + VR’, or ‘Relaxation’ (active controls). Perceived stress posttreatment was the primary outcome; wellbeing and academic functional outcomes were assessed as well. Multilevel mixed-effects models were performed to estimate the efficacy of the programme.
Both ‘MBP’ (B = −2.77, d = −0.72, p = .006) and ‘MBP + VR’ (B = −2.44, d = −0.59, p = .014) were superior to ‘Relaxation’ in improving stress, as well as most of the secondary outcomes, with medium-to-large effects posttreatment and at follow-up. The long-term effects of MBPs on stress were mediated by mindfulness and self-compassion in parallel. Treatment adherence was improved in the ‘MBP + VR’ group, with higher retention rates and session attendance (p < .001).
This RCT supports the efficacy of an MBP compared to relaxation for reducing stress in university students through mindfulness and self-compassion as mechanisms of change. VR exposure may enhance treatment adherence. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03771300.
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•High levels of stress are often experienced by university students.•MBPs are effective for reducing perceived stress in this population.•Mindfulness and self-compassion partially mediate the long-term effects of MBP.•Virtual reality exposure may improve participants' adherence to MBPs. |
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| AbstractList | To evaluate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme (MBP) for reducing stress in university students and its action mechanisms and to explore the capacity of virtual reality (VR) exposure to enhance adherence to the intervention.
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved assessment time points of baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. A total of 280 students from two Spanish universities were randomly assigned to ‘MBP’, ‘MBP + VR’, or ‘Relaxation’ (active controls). Perceived stress posttreatment was the primary outcome; wellbeing and academic functional outcomes were assessed as well. Multilevel mixed-effects models were performed to estimate the efficacy of the programme.
Both ‘MBP’ (B = −2.77, d = −0.72, p = .006) and ‘MBP + VR’ (B = −2.44, d = −0.59, p = .014) were superior to ‘Relaxation’ in improving stress, as well as most of the secondary outcomes, with medium-to-large effects posttreatment and at follow-up. The long-term effects of MBPs on stress were mediated by mindfulness and self-compassion in parallel. Treatment adherence was improved in the ‘MBP + VR’ group, with higher retention rates and session attendance (p < .001).
This RCT supports the efficacy of an MBP compared to relaxation for reducing stress in university students through mindfulness and self-compassion as mechanisms of change. VR exposure may enhance treatment adherence. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03771300.
[Display omitted]
•High levels of stress are often experienced by university students.•MBPs are effective for reducing perceived stress in this population.•Mindfulness and self-compassion partially mediate the long-term effects of MBP.•Virtual reality exposure may improve participants' adherence to MBPs. To evaluate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme (MBP) for reducing stress in university students and its action mechanisms and to explore the capacity of virtual reality (VR) exposure to enhance adherence to the intervention. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved assessment time points of baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. A total of 280 students from two Spanish universities were randomly assigned to 'MBP', 'MBP + VR', or 'Relaxation' (active controls). Perceived stress posttreatment was the primary outcome; wellbeing and academic functional outcomes were assessed as well. Multilevel mixed-effects models were performed to estimate the efficacy of the programme. Both 'MBP' (B = -2.77, d = -0.72, p = .006) and 'MBP + VR' (B = -2.44, d = -0.59, p = .014) were superior to 'Relaxation' in improving stress, as well as most of the secondary outcomes, with medium-to-large effects posttreatment and at follow-up. The long-term effects of MBPs on stress were mediated by mindfulness and self-compassion in parallel. Treatment adherence was improved in the 'MBP + VR' group, with higher retention rates and session attendance (p < .001). This RCT supports the efficacy of an MBP compared to relaxation for reducing stress in university students through mindfulness and self-compassion as mechanisms of change. VR exposure may enhance treatment adherence. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03771300. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme (MBP) for reducing stress in university students and its action mechanisms and to explore the capacity of virtual reality (VR) exposure to enhance adherence to the intervention. Methods This randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved assessment time points of baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. A total of 280 students from two Spanish universities were randomly assigned to 'MBP', 'MBP + VR', or 'Relaxation' (active controls). Perceived stress posttreatment was the primary outcome; wellbeing and academic functional outcomes were assessed as well. Multilevel mixed-effects models were performed to estimate the efficacy of the programme. Results Both 'MBP' (B = −2.77, d = −0.72, p = .006) and 'MBP + VR' (B = −2.44, d = −0.59, p = .014) were superior to 'Relaxation' in improving stress, as well as most of the secondary outcomes, with medium-to-large effects posttreatment and at follow-up. The long-term effects of MBPs on stress were mediated by mindfulness and self-compassion in parallel. Treatment adherence was improved in the 'MBP + VR' group, with higher retention rates and session attendance (p < .001). Conclusions This RCT supports the efficacy of an MBP compared to relaxation for reducing stress in university students through mindfulness and self-compassion as mechanisms of change. VR exposure may enhance treatment adherence. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03771300. OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme (MBP) for reducing stress in university students and its action mechanisms and to explore the capacity of virtual reality (VR) exposure to enhance adherence to the intervention. METHODSThis randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved assessment time points of baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. A total of 280 students from two Spanish universities were randomly assigned to 'MBP', 'MBP + VR', or 'Relaxation' (active controls). Perceived stress posttreatment was the primary outcome; wellbeing and academic functional outcomes were assessed as well. Multilevel mixed-effects models were performed to estimate the efficacy of the programme. RESULTSBoth 'MBP' (B = -2.77, d = -0.72, p = .006) and 'MBP + VR' (B = -2.44, d = -0.59, p = .014) were superior to 'Relaxation' in improving stress, as well as most of the secondary outcomes, with medium-to-large effects posttreatment and at follow-up. The long-term effects of MBPs on stress were mediated by mindfulness and self-compassion in parallel. Treatment adherence was improved in the 'MBP + VR' group, with higher retention rates and session attendance (p < .001). CONCLUSIONSThis RCT supports the efficacy of an MBP compared to relaxation for reducing stress in university students through mindfulness and self-compassion as mechanisms of change. VR exposure may enhance treatment adherence. TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT03771300. |
| ArticleNumber | 103866 |
| Author | García-Campayo, Javier Beltrán-Ruiz, María Morillo, Héctor Montero-Marin, Jesus López-del-Hoyo, Yolanda Navarro-Gil, Mayte Delgado-Suarez, Irene Oliván-Arévalo, Rebeca Pérez-Aranda, Adrián Modrego-Alarcón, Marta |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Marta surname: Modrego-Alarcón fullname: Modrego-Alarcón, Marta organization: Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain – sequence: 2 givenname: Yolanda surname: López-del-Hoyo fullname: López-del-Hoyo, Yolanda organization: Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain – sequence: 3 givenname: Javier surname: García-Campayo fullname: García-Campayo, Javier organization: Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain – sequence: 4 givenname: Adrián orcidid: 0000-0002-1602-3413 surname: Pérez-Aranda fullname: Pérez-Aranda, Adrián email: aparanda@iisaragon.es organization: Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain – sequence: 5 givenname: Mayte surname: Navarro-Gil fullname: Navarro-Gil, Mayte organization: Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network (RedIAPP), Zaragoza, Spain – sequence: 6 givenname: María surname: Beltrán-Ruiz fullname: Beltrán-Ruiz, María organization: Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain – sequence: 7 givenname: Héctor surname: Morillo fullname: Morillo, Héctor organization: Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network (RedIAPP), Zaragoza, Spain – sequence: 8 givenname: Irene surname: Delgado-Suarez fullname: Delgado-Suarez, Irene organization: Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain – sequence: 9 givenname: Rebeca surname: Oliván-Arévalo fullname: Oliván-Arévalo, Rebeca organization: AGORA Research Group; Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, St. Boi de Llobregat, Spain – sequence: 10 givenname: Jesus surname: Montero-Marin fullname: Montero-Marin, Jesus organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33957506$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2021 Elsevier Ltd Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright Pergamon Press Inc. Jul 2021 |
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| Keywords | University students Mindfulness Randomized controlled trial Stress Virtual reality Psychological wellbeing |
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| Title | Efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme with and without virtual reality support to reduce stress in university students: A randomized controlled trial |
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