Efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme with and without virtual reality support to reduce stress in university students: A randomized controlled trial

• Published in: Behaviour research and therapy Vol. 142; p. 103866
• Main Authors: Modrego-Alarcón, Marta, López-del-Hoyo, Yolanda, García-Campayo, Javier, Pérez-Aranda, Adrián, Navarro-Gil, Mayte, Beltrán-Ruiz, María, Morillo, Héctor, Delgado-Suarez, Irene, Oliván-Arévalo, Rebeca, Montero-Marin, Jesus
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01-07-2021; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Adherence; Clinical trials; College students; Colleges & universities; Computer applications; Efficacy; Functional impairment; Long term; Long-term effects; Mindfulness; Psychological wellbeing; Randomized controlled trial; Relaxation; Self compassion; Stress; Stress management; Student retention; Sympathy; University students; Virtual reality; University students; Mindfulness; Randomized controlled trial; Stress; Virtual reality; Psychological wellbeing
• ISSN: 0005-7967; 1873-622X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103866

To evaluate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based programme (MBP) for reducing stress in university students and its action mechanisms and to explore the capacity of virtual reality (VR) exposure to enhance adherence to the intervention.
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) involved assessment time points of baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. A total of 280 students from two Spanish universities were randomly assigned to ‘MBP’, ‘MBP + VR’, or ‘Relaxation’ (active controls). Perceived stress posttreatment was the primary outcome; wellbeing and academic functional outcomes were assessed as well. Multilevel mixed-effects models were performed to estimate the efficacy of the programme.
Both ‘MBP’ (B = −2.77, d = −0.72, p = .006) and ‘MBP + VR’ (B = −2.44, d = −0.59, p = .014) were superior to ‘Relaxation’ in improving stress, as well as most of the secondary outcomes, with medium-to-large effects posttreatment and at follow-up. The long-term effects of MBPs on stress were mediated by mindfulness and self-compassion in parallel. Treatment adherence was improved in the ‘MBP + VR’ group, with higher retention rates and session attendance (p < .001).
This RCT supports the efficacy of an MBP compared to relaxation for reducing stress in university students through mindfulness and self-compassion as mechanisms of change. VR exposure may enhance treatment adherence. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03771300.
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•High levels of stress are often experienced by university students.•MBPs are effective for reducing perceived stress in this population.•Mindfulness and self-compassion partially mediate the long-term effects of MBP.•Virtual reality exposure may improve participants' adherence to MBPs.