Volcanic plume height monitoring using calibrated web cameras at the Icelandic Meteorological Office: system overview and first application during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption

The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption these cameras, along with a temporary near-field network of commercial cameras installed by the Department of Civil Protection...

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Published in:	Journal of applied volcanology Vol. 12; no. 1; pp. 4 - 19
Main Authors:	Barnie, Talfan, Hjörvar, Tryggvi, Titos, Manuel, Sigurðsson, Eysteinn M., Pálsson, Sighvatur K., Bergsson, Bergur, Ingvarsson, Þorgils, Pfeffer, Melissa Anne, Barsotti, Sara, Arason, Þórður, Þorvaldsson, Vilhjálmur S., von Löwis of Menar, Sibylle, Oddsson, Björn
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-12-2023 Springer Nature B.V BMC
Subjects:	Air quality Calibration Cameras Design Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Emergency preparedness Environmental monitoring Eruption Geology Geometry Geophysics/Geodesy Height Lava Methodology Natural Hazards Observatories Plume height Sulfur dioxide Volcanic eruptions Volcano Volcanoes Webcam Webcams Volcano Webcam Eruption Calibration Plume height
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Abstract	The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption these cameras, along with a temporary near-field network of commercial cameras installed by the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, were used to estimate the height of the S O 2 plume and lava fountain. Here we present the webcam designs, the techniques used to calibrate them, and the messaging system and web interface that allow near real time measurements to be made from the images. With this system we were able to make estimates of heights with an accuracy on the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters with a lag typically of five to ten minutes at up to ten minute intervals when weather conditions were favorable. The plume heights were then used to constrain the performance of the S O 2 dispersion model used for air quality forecasts while fountain heights were used to delineate danger zones where visitors at the eruption site were in danger of being hit by ballistic clasts.
AbstractList	The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption these cameras, along with a temporary near-field network of commercial cameras installed by the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, were used to estimate the height of the S O 2 plume and lava fountain. Here we present the webcam designs, the techniques used to calibrate them, and the messaging system and web interface that allow near real time measurements to be made from the images. With this system we were able to make estimates of heights with an accuracy on the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters with a lag typically of five to ten minutes at up to ten minute intervals when weather conditions were favorable. The plume heights were then used to constrain the performance of the S O 2 dispersion model used for air quality forecasts while fountain heights were used to delineate danger zones where visitors at the eruption site were in danger of being hit by ballistic clasts. The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption these cameras, along with a temporary near-field network of commercial cameras installed by the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, were used to estimate the height of the $$SO_2$$ S O 2 plume and lava fountain. Here we present the webcam designs, the techniques used to calibrate them, and the messaging system and web interface that allow near real time measurements to be made from the images. With this system we were able to make estimates of heights with an accuracy on the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters with a lag typically of five to ten minutes at up to ten minute intervals when weather conditions were favorable. The plume heights were then used to constrain the performance of the $$SO_2$$ S O 2 dispersion model used for air quality forecasts while fountain heights were used to delineate danger zones where visitors at the eruption site were in danger of being hit by ballistic clasts. The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption these cameras, along with a temporary near-field network of commercial cameras installed by the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, were used to estimate the height of the SO2 plume and lava fountain. Here we present the webcam designs, the techniques used to calibrate them, and the messaging system and web interface that allow near real time measurements to be made from the images. With this system we were able to make estimates of heights with an accuracy on the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters with a lag typically of five to ten minutes at up to ten minute intervals when weather conditions were favorable. The plume heights were then used to constrain the performance of the SO2 dispersion model used for air quality forecasts while fountain heights were used to delineate danger zones where visitors at the eruption site were in danger of being hit by ballistic clasts. Abstract The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption these cameras, along with a temporary near-field network of commercial cameras installed by the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, were used to estimate the height of the $$SO_2$$ S O 2 plume and lava fountain. Here we present the webcam designs, the techniques used to calibrate them, and the messaging system and web interface that allow near real time measurements to be made from the images. With this system we were able to make estimates of heights with an accuracy on the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters with a lag typically of five to ten minutes at up to ten minute intervals when weather conditions were favorable. The plume heights were then used to constrain the performance of the $$SO_2$$ S O 2 dispersion model used for air quality forecasts while fountain heights were used to delineate danger zones where visitors at the eruption site were in danger of being hit by ballistic clasts.
ArticleNumber	4
Author	Ingvarsson, Þorgils Pálsson, Sighvatur K. Titos, Manuel Sigurðsson, Eysteinn M. Oddsson, Björn Pfeffer, Melissa Anne Þorvaldsson, Vilhjálmur S. Bergsson, Bergur Barsotti, Sara Barnie, Talfan von Löwis of Menar, Sibylle Hjörvar, Tryggvi Arason, Þórður
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Cites_doi	10.1371/journal.pone.0265959 10.5194/essd-3-9-2011 10.3133/pp175011 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.05.014 10.1002/2013JD020604 10.1007/s00445-016-1033-4 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.07.003 10.1109/CVPR.2004.1315026 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.008 10.1137/0111030 10.1090/qam/10666 10.1029/2008JB005882 10.1029/2011JB008407 10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995727 10.1007/s11069-022-05798-7 10.1029/2011JD016762 10.1016/j.cageo.2013.12.015
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Snippet	The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021... Abstract The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021...
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SubjectTerms	Air quality Calibration Cameras Design Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Emergency preparedness Environmental monitoring Eruption Geology Geometry Geophysics/Geodesy Height Lava Methodology Natural Hazards Observatories Plume height Sulfur dioxide Volcanic eruptions Volcano Volcanoes Webcam Webcams
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Title	Volcanic plume height monitoring using calibrated web cameras at the Icelandic Meteorological Office: system overview and first application during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption
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