Long-Term Psychological Functioning of Adults with Severe Congenital Facial Disfigurement

• Published in: Plastic and reconstructive surgery (1963) Vol. 129; no. 1; pp. 110 - 117
• Main Authors: Versnel, Sarah L., Plomp, Raul G., Passchier, Jan, Duivenvoorden, Hugo J., Mathijssen, Irene M. J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hagerstown, MD American Society of Plastic Surgeons 01-01-2012; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Biological and medical sciences; Craniofacial Abnormalities - psychology; Craniofacial Abnormalities - surgery; Cross-Sectional Studies; Face - abnormalities; Facial Injuries - psychology; Facial Injuries - surgery; Female; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Personal Satisfaction; Quality of Life; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures - psychology; Self Concept; Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases; Young Adult; Human; Treatment; Congenital; Surgery; Adult; Face; Long term
• ISSN: 0032-1052; 1529-4242
• DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182361f64

In adults with severe congenital facial disfigurement, assessment of long-term psychological impact remains limited. This study determines the long-term psychological functioning in these patients and evaluates differences compared with patients with acquired facial disfigurement and a non-facially disfigured reference group. Also explored is the extent to which psychological functioning of the congenital group is related to satisfaction with facial appearance, fear of negative appearance evaluation by others, self-esteem, and severity of the facial deformity.
Fifty-nine adults with severe congenital facial disfigurement, 59 adults with a traumatically acquired facial deformity in adulthood, and 120 non-facially disfigured adults completed standardized psychological, physical, and demographic questionnaires, including the Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Achenbach Adult Self-Report, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, and a visual analogue scale.
Adults with severe congenital facial disfigurement had relatively normal psychological functioning but appeared more prone to internalizing problems than the non-facially disfigured adults. Compared with patients with an acquired facial deformity, the congenital group displayed fewer problems on the physical component score of quality of life only. Satisfaction with facial appearance, fear of negative appearance evaluation, and self-esteem were good predictors of the different aspects of psychological functioning, with the exception of the physical component score of quality of life.
Improving satisfaction with facial appearance (by surgery), enhancing self-esteem, or lowering fear of negative appearance evaluation (by psychological support) may enhance long-term psychological functioning. Future research should focus on the individual patient and risk factors for maladjustment.
Risk, II.