Guarana: Revisiting a highly caffeinated plant from the Amazon

Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the Amazon region. It is valued mainly for its stimulant property because of its high content of caffeine, which can be up to 6% in the seeds. The purpose of this review is to re...

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Published in:	Journal of ethnopharmacology Vol. 150; no. 1; pp. 14 - 31
Main Authors:	Schimpl, Flávia Camila, da Silva, José Ferreira, Gonçalves, José Francisco de Carvalho, Mazzafera, Paulo
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Ireland Elsevier B.V 28-10-2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Subjects:	Animals beverages Biodiversity Brazil breeding Caffeine Caffeine - isolation & purification cosmetics economic impact energy Humans industry markets medicinal properties Paullinia Paullinia cupana Pharmacology physiology Plant Extracts - pharmacology plant pathology raw materials Sapindaceae seeds Seeds - chemistry Tannin Brazil Amazonia Pharmacology Tannin Biodiversity Sapindaceae Caffeine
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Abstract	Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the Amazon region. It is valued mainly for its stimulant property because of its high content of caffeine, which can be up to 6% in the seeds. The purpose of this review is to revisit this typically Brazilian plant, addressing economic considerations, the chemical makeup of the seeds and pharmacological properties so far investigated. Guarana is primarily produced in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Bahia, and approximately 70% of the production is used by the industry of soft and energy drinks. The other 30% becomes guarana powder for direct consumption in capsules or dilution in water, or it serves as a raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In addition to its stimulant property, guarana has other therapeutic properties, which have aroused the interest of the scientific community. This review shows that other guarana properties may be explored and how scarce are the studies regarding agronomic, plant pathology, physiology and breeding. So far, caffeine has been the main reason to study guarana and still will lead the researches because the demand for this alkaloid by food and pharmaceutical industry, and a strongly growing market related with beauty products. However, guarana has other components and there is great interest in studies designed to elucidate the effects of guarana′s bioactive components and their potential pharmacological applications. Significant part of the guarana production in Brazil still comes from Indians tribes in the Amazon State, and any improvement in this plant, in any aspect, may propitiate a positive economic impact in their lives. [Display omitted]
AbstractList	Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the Amazon region. It is valued mainly for its stimulant property because of its high content of caffeine, which can be up to 6% in the seeds. The purpose of this review is to revisit this typically Brazilian plant, addressing economic considerations, the chemical makeup of the seeds and pharmacological properties so far investigated. Guarana is primarily produced in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Bahia, and approximately 70% of the production is used by the industry of soft and energy drinks. The other 30% becomes guarana powder for direct consumption in capsules or dilution in water, or it serves as a raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In addition to its stimulant property, guarana has other therapeutic properties, which have aroused the interest of the scientific community. This review shows that other guarana properties may be explored and how scarce are the studies regarding agronomic, plant pathology, physiology and breeding. So far, caffeine has been the main reason to study guarana and still will lead the researches because the demand for this alkaloid by food and pharmaceutical industry, and a strongly growing market related with beauty products. However, guarana has other components and there is great interest in studies designed to elucidate the effects of guarana's bioactive components and their potential pharmacological applications. Significant part of the guarana production in Brazil still comes from Indians tribes in the Amazon State, and any improvement in this plant, in any aspect, may propitiate a positive economic impact in their lives. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the Amazon region. It is valued mainly for its stimulant property because of its high content of caffeine, which can be up to 6% in the seeds. AIM OF THE REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to revisit this typically Brazilian plant, addressing economic considerations, the chemical makeup of the seeds and pharmacological properties so far investigated. RESULTS: Guarana is primarily produced in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Bahia, and approximately 70% of the production is used by the industry of soft and energy drinks. The other 30% becomes guarana powder for direct consumption in capsules or dilution in water, or it serves as a raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In addition to its stimulant property, guarana has other therapeutic properties, which have aroused the interest of the scientific community. CONCLUSION: This review shows that other guarana properties may be explored and how scarce are the studies regarding agronomic, plant pathology, physiology and breeding. So far, caffeine has been the main reason to study guarana and still will lead the researches because the demand for this alkaloid by food and pharmaceutical industry, and a strongly growing market related with beauty products. However, guarana has other components and there is great interest in studies designed to elucidate the effects of guarana′s bioactive components and their potential pharmacological applications. Significant part of the guarana production in Brazil still comes from Indians tribes in the Amazon State, and any improvement in this plant, in any aspect, may propitiate a positive economic impact in their lives. Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the Amazon region. It is valued mainly for its stimulant property because of its high content of caffeine, which can be up to 6% in the seeds. The purpose of this review is to revisit this typically Brazilian plant, addressing economic considerations, the chemical makeup of the seeds and pharmacological properties so far investigated. Guarana is primarily produced in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Bahia, and approximately 70% of the production is used by the industry of soft and energy drinks. The other 30% becomes guarana powder for direct consumption in capsules or dilution in water, or it serves as a raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In addition to its stimulant property, guarana has other therapeutic properties, which have aroused the interest of the scientific community. This review shows that other guarana properties may be explored and how scarce are the studies regarding agronomic, plant pathology, physiology and breeding. So far, caffeine has been the main reason to study guarana and still will lead the researches because the demand for this alkaloid by food and pharmaceutical industry, and a strongly growing market related with beauty products. However, guarana has other components and there is great interest in studies designed to elucidate the effects of guarana′s bioactive components and their potential pharmacological applications. Significant part of the guarana production in Brazil still comes from Indians tribes in the Amazon State, and any improvement in this plant, in any aspect, may propitiate a positive economic impact in their lives. [Display omitted] ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCEGuarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the Amazon region. It is valued mainly for its stimulant property because of its high content of caffeine, which can be up to 6% in the seeds.AIM OF THE REVIEWThe purpose of this review is to revisit this typically Brazilian plant, addressing economic considerations, the chemical makeup of the seeds and pharmacological properties so far investigated.RESULTSGuarana is primarily produced in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Bahia, and approximately 70% of the production is used by the industry of soft and energy drinks. The other 30% becomes guarana powder for direct consumption in capsules or dilution in water, or it serves as a raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In addition to its stimulant property, guarana has other therapeutic properties, which have aroused the interest of the scientific community.CONCLUSIONThis review shows that other guarana properties may be explored and how scarce are the studies regarding agronomic, plant pathology, physiology and breeding. So far, caffeine has been the main reason to study guarana and still will lead the researches because the demand for this alkaloid by food and pharmaceutical industry, and a strongly growing market related with beauty products. However, guarana has other components and there is great interest in studies designed to elucidate the effects of guarana's bioactive components and their potential pharmacological applications. Significant part of the guarana production in Brazil still comes from Indians tribes in the Amazon State, and any improvement in this plant, in any aspect, may propitiate a positive economic impact in their lives.
Author	Gonçalves, José Francisco de Carvalho da Silva, José Ferreira Mazzafera, Paulo Schimpl, Flávia Camila
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Flávia Camila surname: Schimpl fullname: Schimpl, Flávia Camila organization: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP9109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: José Ferreira surname: da Silva fullname: da Silva, José Ferreira organization: Departamento de Produção Animal e Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: José Francisco de Carvalho surname: Gonçalves fullname: Gonçalves, José Francisco de Carvalho organization: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (MCT-INPA), CP 478, 69011-970, Manaus, AM, Brazil – sequence: 4 givenname: Paulo surname: Mazzafera fullname: Mazzafera, Paulo email: pmazza@unicamp.br organization: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP9109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Snippet	Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the Amazon region. It is valued... ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the... ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCEGuarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the...
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SubjectTerms	Animals beverages Biodiversity Brazil breeding Caffeine Caffeine - isolation & purification cosmetics economic impact energy Humans industry markets medicinal properties Paullinia Paullinia cupana Pharmacology physiology Plant Extracts - pharmacology plant pathology raw materials Sapindaceae seeds Seeds - chemistry Tannin
Title	Guarana: Revisiting a highly caffeinated plant from the Amazon
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.023 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23981847 https://search.proquest.com/docview/1443401536
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