Impacts of particulate matter (PM2.5) on the health status of outdoor workers: observational evidence from Malaysia

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 29; no. 47; pp. 71064 - 71074
• Main Authors: Sundram, Thavin Kumar Mathana, Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing, Cheah, Shiau Chuen, Lim, Hwee San, Seghayat, Marjan Sadat, Bustami, Normina Ahmad, Tan, Chung Keat
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-10-2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Air pollution; Aquatic Pollution; Asthma; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Developing countries; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; LDCs; Observational studies; Particulate matter; Research Article; Urbanization; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Workers; Malaysia; Particulate matter (PM; ); Respiratory; Nasal; Ocular; Outdoor workers; Particulate matter (PM2.5)
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20955-y

Ambient air pollution is a significant contributor to disease burden, leading to an estimated 4.2 million premature deaths and 103.1 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) annually worldwide. As industrialization and urbanization surge in Asia, air pollution and its corresponding health issues follow suit. Findings on disease burden in developing countries are extremely scanty. This study aimed to determine the concentration of PM
2.5
and its impact on respiratory health of outdoor workers in Malaysia. A 2-cycled 3-month cohort study involving 440 participants was conducted. Workers’ health status was assessed via (1) Total Ocular Symptom Score (TOSS), (2) Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS), (3) St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGPQ), and (4) Asthma Control Test (ACT). The maximum PM
2.5
concentration was measured at 122.90 ± 2.07 µg/m
3
during third week of August 2016. Meanwhile, the minimum concentration was measured at 57.47 ± 3.80 µg/m
3
and 57.47 ± 1.64 µg/m
3
during fourth week of July 2016 and first week of August 2017 respectively. Findings revealed that TOSS, TNSS, and SGPQ changes were significantly (
p
 < 0.05) associated with the concentration of PM
2.5
. Outdoor workers were more significantly (
p
 < 0.05) affected by changes in PM
2.5
compared to indoor workers with a moderate correlation (
r
value ranged from 0.4 to 0.7). Ironically, no significant association was found between ACT assessment and PM
2.5
. Collectively, our findings suggested that changes in the concentration of PM
2.5
threatened the respiratory health of outdoor workers. The existing policy should be strengthened and preventive measures to be enforced safeguarding health status of outdoor workers.