Investigating Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Marketed Ready‐to‐Eat Small Crickets (Acheta domesticus)
The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of transferable genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide‐lincosamide‐streptogramin B (MLSB), vancomycin, beta‐lactams, and aminoglycosides in 32 samples from eight batches of ready‐to‐eat crickets (Acheta domesticus) com...
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| Published in: | Journal of food science Vol. 84; no. 11; pp. 3222 - 3232 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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01-11-2019
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| Abstract | The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of transferable genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide‐lincosamide‐streptogramin B (MLSB), vancomycin, beta‐lactams, and aminoglycosides in 32 samples from eight batches of ready‐to‐eat crickets (Acheta domesticus) commercialized by four European Union producers (two batches per producer). Bacterial DNA extracted directly from the insects was subjected to optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested‐PCR assays for the qualitative detection of 12 selected antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Microbial enumeration demonstrated high counts of spore‐forming bacteria and total mesophilic aerobes. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between different producers and insect batches. Regarding AR genes, a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to tetracycline [tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), tet(S)] was observed, together with the presence of genes conferring resistance to erythromycin [erm(B), erm(C)], beta‐lactams (blaZ and mecA), and aminoglycosides [aac(6’)‐Ie aph(2”)‐Ia]. We performed a principal component analysis based on the AR gene frequencies that differentiated samples of batch 1 from those of batch 2. This analysis provided evidence for a difference between the producer from France and all the other producers among the batch 1 samples.
Practical application
Overall, an intrabatch variation was seen in the transferable resistances among different producers. This evidence, coupled with the observed differences in the viable counts, suggests a low standardization of the production processes. Hence, a prudent use of antimicrobials during the rearing of insects destined for human consumption is strongly recommended, as well as a need for a full standardization of production technologies. |
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| AbstractList | The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of transferable genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide‐lincosamide‐streptogramin B (MLSB), vancomycin, beta‐lactams, and aminoglycosides in 32 samples from eight batches of ready‐to‐eat crickets (Acheta domesticus) commercialized by four European Union producers (two batches per producer). Bacterial DNA extracted directly from the insects was subjected to optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested‐PCR assays for the qualitative detection of 12 selected antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Microbial enumeration demonstrated high counts of spore‐forming bacteria and total mesophilic aerobes. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between different producers and insect batches. Regarding AR genes, a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to tetracycline [tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), tet(S)] was observed, together with the presence of genes conferring resistance to erythromycin [erm(B), erm(C)], beta‐lactams (blaZ and mecA), and aminoglycosides [aac(6’)‐Ie aph(2”)‐Ia]. We performed a principal component analysis based on the AR gene frequencies that differentiated samples of batch 1 from those of batch 2. This analysis provided evidence for a difference between the producer from France and all the other producers among the batch 1 samples.
Practical application
Overall, an intrabatch variation was seen in the transferable resistances among different producers. This evidence, coupled with the observed differences in the viable counts, suggests a low standardization of the production processes. Hence, a prudent use of antimicrobials during the rearing of insects destined for human consumption is strongly recommended, as well as a need for a full standardization of production technologies. The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of transferable genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide‐lincosamide‐streptogramin B (MLSB), vancomycin, beta‐lactams, and aminoglycosides in 32 samples from eight batches of ready‐to‐eat crickets (Acheta domesticus) commercialized by four European Union producers (two batches per producer). Bacterial DNA extracted directly from the insects was subjected to optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested‐PCR assays for the qualitative detection of 12 selected antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Microbial enumeration demonstrated high counts of spore‐forming bacteria and total mesophilic aerobes. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between different producers and insect batches. Regarding AR genes, a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to tetracycline [tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), tet(S)] was observed, together with the presence of genes conferring resistance to erythromycin [erm(B), erm(C)], beta‐lactams (blaZ and mecA), and aminoglycosides [aac(6’)‐Ie aph(2”)‐Ia]. We performed a principal component analysis based on the AR gene frequencies that differentiated samples of batch 1 from those of batch 2. This analysis provided evidence for a difference between the producer from France and all the other producers among the batch 1 samples.Practical applicationOverall, an intrabatch variation was seen in the transferable resistances among different producers. This evidence, coupled with the observed differences in the viable counts, suggests a low standardization of the production processes. Hence, a prudent use of antimicrobials during the rearing of insects destined for human consumption is strongly recommended, as well as a need for a full standardization of production technologies. The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of transferable genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS ), vancomycin, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides in 32 samples from eight batches of ready-to-eat crickets (Acheta domesticus) commercialized by four European Union producers (two batches per producer). Bacterial DNA extracted directly from the insects was subjected to optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested-PCR assays for the qualitative detection of 12 selected antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Microbial enumeration demonstrated high counts of spore-forming bacteria and total mesophilic aerobes. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between different producers and insect batches. Regarding AR genes, a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to tetracycline [tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), tet(S)] was observed, together with the presence of genes conferring resistance to erythromycin [erm(B), erm(C)], beta-lactams (blaZ and mecA), and aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ie aph(2")-Ia]. We performed a principal component analysis based on the AR gene frequencies that differentiated samples of batch 1 from those of batch 2. This analysis provided evidence for a difference between the producer from France and all the other producers among the batch 1 samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Overall, an intrabatch variation was seen in the transferable resistances among different producers. This evidence, coupled with the observed differences in the viable counts, suggests a low standardization of the production processes. Hence, a prudent use of antimicrobials during the rearing of insects destined for human consumption is strongly recommended, as well as a need for a full standardization of production technologies. Abstract The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of transferable genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide‐lincosamide‐streptogramin B (MLS B ), vancomycin, beta‐lactams, and aminoglycosides in 32 samples from eight batches of ready‐to‐eat crickets ( Acheta domesticus ) commercialized by four European Union producers (two batches per producer). Bacterial DNA extracted directly from the insects was subjected to optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested‐PCR assays for the qualitative detection of 12 selected antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Microbial enumeration demonstrated high counts of spore‐forming bacteria and total mesophilic aerobes. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between different producers and insect batches. Regarding AR genes, a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to tetracycline [ tet (M), tet (O), tet (K), tet (S)] was observed, together with the presence of genes conferring resistance to erythromycin [ erm (B), erm (C)], beta‐lactams ( blaZ and mecA ), and aminoglycosides [ aac(6’) ‐ Ie aph(2”)‐Ia ]. We performed a principal component analysis based on the AR gene frequencies that differentiated samples of batch 1 from those of batch 2. This analysis provided evidence for a difference between the producer from France and all the other producers among the batch 1 samples. Practical application Overall, an intrabatch variation was seen in the transferable resistances among different producers. This evidence, coupled with the observed differences in the viable counts, suggests a low standardization of the production processes. Hence, a prudent use of antimicrobials during the rearing of insects destined for human consumption is strongly recommended, as well as a need for a full standardization of production technologies. |
| Author | Abaker, Mahasin Salih Suliman Pandolfi, Matteo Aquilanti, Lucia Roncolini, Andrea Garofalo, Cristiana Cardinali, Federica Tavoletti, Stefano Pasquini, Marina Clementi, Francesca Sabbatini, Riccardo Osimani, Andrea Milanović, Vesna |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Andrea surname: Roncolini fullname: Roncolini, Andrea organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 2 givenname: Federica surname: Cardinali fullname: Cardinali, Federica organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 3 givenname: Lucia orcidid: 0000-0001-8898-2886 surname: Aquilanti fullname: Aquilanti, Lucia email: l.aquilanti@univpm.it organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 4 givenname: Vesna orcidid: 0000-0001-8548-366X surname: Milanović fullname: Milanović, Vesna email: v.milanovic@univpm.it organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 5 givenname: Cristiana surname: Garofalo fullname: Garofalo, Cristiana organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 6 givenname: Riccardo surname: Sabbatini fullname: Sabbatini, Riccardo organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 7 givenname: Mahasin Salih Suliman surname: Abaker fullname: Abaker, Mahasin Salih Suliman organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 8 givenname: Matteo surname: Pandolfi fullname: Pandolfi, Matteo organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 9 givenname: Marina surname: Pasquini fullname: Pasquini, Marina organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 10 givenname: Stefano surname: Tavoletti fullname: Tavoletti, Stefano organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 11 givenname: Francesca surname: Clementi fullname: Clementi, Francesca organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche – sequence: 12 givenname: Andrea orcidid: 0000-0003-4095-6181 surname: Osimani fullname: Osimani, Andrea email: a.osimani@univpm.it organization: Univ. Politecnica delle Marche |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31600843$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_antibiotics10010068 crossref_primary_10_3390_foods10051036 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11356_020_07629_3 crossref_primary_10_3390_vetsci11070295 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11356_023_31788_8 crossref_primary_10_1111_1749_4877_12714 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes12020213 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_anifeedsci_2021_114978 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aquaculture_2022_738485 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2022_159805 |
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| Keywords | food safety tetracycline novel food antibiotic resistance food security |
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| SubjectTerms | Acheta domesticus Aerobes Aminoglycosides Animals Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology Antibiotic resistance Antibiotics Antimicrobial agents Bacteria - drug effects Bacteria - genetics Bacteria - isolation & purification Bacteria - metabolism Commercialization Crickets Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA, Bacterial - genetics Drug resistance Drug Resistance, Bacterial Enumeration Erythromycin Fast Foods - economics Fast Foods - microbiology food safety food security France Genes Genes, Bacterial Gryllidae - microbiology Humans Insects Microbial Sensitivity Tests Microorganisms novel food Polymerase Chain Reaction Principal components analysis Standardization Statistical analysis Statistical methods Streptogramin B tetracycline Tetracyclines Vancomycin |
| Title | Investigating Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Marketed Ready‐to‐Eat Small Crickets (Acheta domesticus) |
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