Total cyanide determination of plants and foods using the picrate and acid hydrolysis methods

• Published in: Food chemistry Vol. 77; no. 1; pp. 107 - 114
• Main Authors: Rezaul Haque, M, Howard Bradbury, J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01-05-2002; Elsevier
• Subjects: Acid hydrolysis; Bamboo shoot; Biological and medical sciences; Cassava; Cyongenic plants; Flax; Food industries; Food toxicology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; Methods of analysis, processing and quality control, regulation, standards; Picrate method; Sorghum; Total cyanide; Total cyanide; Acid hydrolysis; Bamboo shoot; Cyongenic plants; Picrate method; Sorghum; Flax; Cassava; Hydrolysis; Trace element; Analysis method; Antinutrient factor; Picric acid; Control method; Chemical composition; Cyanides; Cyanogenic glucoside; Quantitative analysis
• ISSN: 0308-8146; 1873-7072
• DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00313-2

A general method has been developed for determination of the total cyanide content of all cyanogenic plants and foods. Ten cyanogenic substrates (cassava, flax seed, sorghum and giant taro leaves, stones of peach, plum, nectarine and apricot, apple seeds and bamboo shoot) were chosen, as well as various model compounds, and the total cyanide contents determined by the acid hydrolysis and picrate kit methods. The hydrolysis of cyanoglucosides in 2 M sulfuric acid at 100
oC in a glass stoppered test tube causes some loss of HCN which is corrected for by extrapolation to zero time. However, using model compounds including replicate analyses on amygdalin, the picrate method is found to be more accurate and reproducible than the acid hydrolysis method. The picrate kit method is available free of charge to workers in developing countries for determination of cyanide in cassava roots and cassava products, flax seed, bamboo shoots and cyanide containing leaves. For eleven different samples of flax seed and flax seed meal the total cyanide content was 140–370 ppm. Bamboo shoots contained up to 1600 ppm total cyanide in the tip reducing to 110 ppm in the base. The total cyanide content of sorghum leaves was 740 ppm 1 week after germination but reduced to 60 ppm 3 weeks later. The acid hydrolysis method is generally applicable to all plants, but is much more difficult to use and is less accurate and reproducible than the picrate method, which is the method of choice for plants of importance for human food.