Real-Time Energy Management of Battery/Supercapacitor Electric Vehicles Based on an Adaptation of Pontryagin's Minimum Principle

• Published in: IEEE transactions on vehicular technology Vol. 68; no. 1; pp. 203 - 212
• Main Authors: Nguyen, Bao-Huy, German, Ronan, Trovao, Joao Pedro F., Bouscayrol, Alain
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01-01-2019; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE); Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• Subjects: Adaptation; Batteries; Battery cycles; Choppers (circuits); Electric power; Electric vehicles; Energetic macroscopic representation; Energy conservation; Energy management; energy storage system; Engineering Sciences; Force; hardware–in–the–loop; Mathematical model; optimal control; Real time operation; Real-time systems; Resistance; Supercapacitors
• ISSN: 0018-9545; 1939-9359
• DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2018.2881057

The combination of batteries and supercapacitors is promising in electric vehicles context to minimize battery aging. Such a system needs an energy management strategy (EMS) that distributes energy in real-time for real driving cycles. Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP) is widely used in adaptive forms to develop real-time optimization-based EMSs, thanks to its analytical approach. This methodology leads to an off-line optimal solution, which requires an extra adaptive mechanism for real-time applications. In this paper, a simplification of the PMP method is proposed to avoid the adaptation mechanism in real-time. This new EMS is compared to well-known conventional strategies by simulation. Furthermore, experimental results are provided to assess the real-time operation of the proposed EMS. Simulation and experimental results prove the advantages of the proposed approach by a reduction up to 50% of the batteries rms current on a real-world driving cycle compared to a battery-only EV.