Calcium incorporation in graphene oxide particles: A morphological, chemical, electrical, and thermal study

Surface chemical modification and functionalization are common strategies used to provide new properties or functionalities to a material or to enhance existing ones. In this work, graphene oxide prepared using Hummers' method has been chemically modified with calcium ions by immersion in a cal...

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Published in:	Thin solid films Vol. 610; pp. 10 - 18
Main Authors:	Castro, Kelly L.S., Curti, Raphael V., Araujo, Joyce R., Landi, Sandra M., Ferreira, Erlon H.M., Neves, Rodrigo S., Kuznetsov, Alexei, Sena, Lidia A., Archanjo, Braulio S., Achete, Carlos A.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier B.V 01-07-2016
Subjects:	Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium intercalation Diffraction Graphene Graphene oxide Hummers' method Morphology Oxides Reduction Thermal stability X-ray diffraction X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy X-rays X-ray diffraction Graphene oxide Hummers' method Calcium intercalation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Thermal stability
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Abstract	Surface chemical modification and functionalization are common strategies used to provide new properties or functionalities to a material or to enhance existing ones. In this work, graphene oxide prepared using Hummers' method has been chemically modified with calcium ions by immersion in a calcium carbonate solution. Transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that graphene oxide (GO) and calcium incorporated graphene oxide have a morphology similar to an ultra-thin membrane composed of overlapping sheets. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-infrared spectroscopy show that calcium carbonate residue was completely removed by hydrochloric acid washes. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping showed spatially homogeneous calcium in Ca-incorporated graphene oxide sample after HCl washing. This Ca is mainly ionic according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and its incorporation promoted a small reduction in the graphene oxide structure, corroborated also by four-point probe measurements. A thermal study shows a remarkable increase in the GO stability with the presence of Ca2+ ions. •Graphene oxide has been chemically modified with Ca ions by immersion in a CaCO3 solution.•GO–Ca has morphology similar to an ultra-thin membrane composed of overlapping sheets.•CaCO3 residue was completely removed by acid washes, leaving only ionic calcium.•EDS maps show that Ca incorporation is spatially homogeneous in GO structure.•Thermal analyses show a remarkable increase in GO stability after Ca incorporation.
AbstractList	Surface chemical modification and functionalization are common strategies used to provide new properties or functionalities to a material or to enhance existing ones. In this work, graphene oxide prepared using Hummers' method has been chemically modified with calcium ions by immersion in a calcium carbonate solution. Transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that graphene oxide (GO) and calcium incorporated graphene oxide have a morphology similar to an ultra-thin membrane composed of overlapping sheets. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-infrared spectroscopy show that calcium carbonate residue was completely removed by hydrochloric acid washes. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping showed spatially homogeneous calcium in Ca-incorporated graphene oxide sample after HCl washing. This Ca is mainly ionic according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and its incorporation promoted a small reduction in the graphene oxide structure, corroborated also by four-point probe measurements. A thermal study shows a remarkable increase in the GO stability with the presence of Ca2+ ions. Surface chemical modification and functionalization are common strategies used to provide new properties or functionalities to a material or to enhance existing ones. In this work, graphene oxide prepared using Hummers' method has been chemically modified with calcium ions by immersion in a calcium carbonate solution. Transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that graphene oxide (GO) and calcium incorporated graphene oxide have a morphology similar to an ultra-thin membrane composed of overlapping sheets. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-infrared spectroscopy show that calcium carbonate residue was completely removed by hydrochloric acid washes. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping showed spatially homogeneous calcium in Ca-incorporated graphene oxide sample after HCl washing. This Ca is mainly ionic according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and its incorporation promoted a small reduction in the graphene oxide structure, corroborated also by four-point probe measurements. A thermal study shows a remarkable increase in the GO stability with the presence of Ca2+ ions. •Graphene oxide has been chemically modified with Ca ions by immersion in a CaCO3 solution.•GO–Ca has morphology similar to an ultra-thin membrane composed of overlapping sheets.•CaCO3 residue was completely removed by acid washes, leaving only ionic calcium.•EDS maps show that Ca incorporation is spatially homogeneous in GO structure.•Thermal analyses show a remarkable increase in GO stability after Ca incorporation.
Author	Kuznetsov, Alexei Achete, Carlos A. Araujo, Joyce R. Landi, Sandra M. Neves, Rodrigo S. Sena, Lidia A. Curti, Raphael V. Ferreira, Erlon H.M. Archanjo, Braulio S. Castro, Kelly L.S.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Kelly L.S. surname: Castro fullname: Castro, Kelly L.S. organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: Raphael V. surname: Curti fullname: Curti, Raphael V. organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: Joyce R. surname: Araujo fullname: Araujo, Joyce R. organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil – sequence: 4 givenname: Sandra M. surname: Landi fullname: Landi, Sandra M. organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil – sequence: 5 givenname: Erlon H.M. surname: Ferreira fullname: Ferreira, Erlon H.M. organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil – sequence: 6 givenname: Rodrigo S. surname: Neves fullname: Neves, Rodrigo S. organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil – sequence: 7 givenname: Alexei surname: Kuznetsov fullname: Kuznetsov, Alexei organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil – sequence: 8 givenname: Lidia A. surname: Sena fullname: Sena, Lidia A. organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil – sequence: 9 givenname: Braulio S. orcidid: 0000-0001-8145-7712 surname: Archanjo fullname: Archanjo, Braulio S. email: bsarchanjo@inmetro.gov.br organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil – sequence: 10 givenname: Carlos A. surname: Achete fullname: Achete, Carlos A. organization: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Sra. das Graças, 50, 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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Keywords	X-ray diffraction Graphene oxide Hummers' method Calcium intercalation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Thermal stability
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SubjectTerms	Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium intercalation Diffraction Graphene Graphene oxide Hummers' method Morphology Oxides Reduction Thermal stability X-ray diffraction X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy X-rays
Title	Calcium incorporation in graphene oxide particles: A morphological, chemical, electrical, and thermal study
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