Sterilization effects on poly(glycerol dodecanedioate): A biodegradable shape memory elastomer for biomedical applications

• Published in: Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials Vol. 111; no. 4; pp. 958 - 970
• Main Authors: Ramaraju, Harsha, McAtee, Annabel M., Akman, Ryan E., Verga, Adam S., Bocks, Martin L., Hollister, Scott J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-04-2023; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Animals; Biocompatibility; Biodegradability; Biodegradation; Biomedical materials; Body temperature; Cell viability; Cytotoxicity; Cytotoxicity testing; Desiccators; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Elastic properties; Elastomers; Elastomers - pharmacology; Endotoxins; Ethanol; Ethylene oxide; Ethylene Oxide - chemistry; Ethylene Oxide - pharmacology; Fibroblasts; Glycerol; Glycerol - pharmacology; Material properties; Materials research; Materials science; Mice; NIH 3T3 Cells; Physiochemistry; Polyethylenes; Polymers; Recovery; Regenerative medicine; Shape memory; shape memory polymer; shelf‐life; Soft tissues; Sterilization; Sterilization - methods; Sterilization effects; Substrates; Temperature; Thermomechanical properties; Transition temperatures; shelf-life; shape memory polymer; biocompatibility; ethylene oxide
• ISSN: 1552-4973; 1552-4981; 1552-4981
• DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35205

Biodegradable shape memory polymers provide unique regenerative medicine approaches in minimally invasive surgeries. Once heated, thermally responsive shape memory polymer devices can be compressed, programmed to fit within a small profile, delivered in the cold programmed state, and expanded when heated to body temperature. We have previously developed a biodegradable shape memory elastomer (SME), poly(glycerol dodecanedioate) (PGD), with transition temperatures near 37°C exhibiting nonlinear elastic properties like numerous soft tissues. Using SMEs in the clinic requires disinfection and sterilization methods that conserve physiochemical, thermomechanical, and shape recovery properties. We evaluated disinfection protocols using 70% ethanol and UV254 nm for research applications and ethylene oxide (EtO) gas sterilization for clinical applications. Samples disinfected with ethanol for 0.5 and 1 min showed no changes in physiochemical material properties, but after 15 min showed slower recovery rates than controls (p < .05). EtO sterilization at 54.4°C decreased transition temperatures and shape recovery rate compared to EtO sterilization at 37.8°C (p < .01) and controls (p < .05). Aging samples for 9 months in a vacuum desiccator significantly reduced shape recovery, and the recovery rate in EtO sterilized samples compared to controls (p < .001). Cytotoxicity testing (ISO‐10993.5C:2012) revealed media extractions from EtO sterilized samples, sterilized at 37.8°C, and high‐density polyethylene negative control samples exhibit lower cytotoxicity (IC50) than Ethanol 1 min, UV 2 h, and EtO 54.4°C. Cell viability of NIH3T3 fibroblasts on sterilized surfaces was equivalent on EtO 37.7°C, EtO 54.4°C and Ethanol sterilized substrates. Finally, chromogenic bacterial endotoxin testing showed endotoxin levels were below the FDA prescribed levels for devices contacting blood and lymphatic tissues for ethanol 1 min, UV 120 min, EtO 37.7°C, EtO 54.4°C. These findings outline various disinfection and sterilization processes for research and pre‐clinical application and provide a pathway for developing custom sterilization cycles for the translation of biomedical devices utilizing PGD shape memory polymers.