An analysis of hospital pharmacy practice in six countries of sub‐Saharan Africa based on the International Pharmaceutical Federation Basel Statements on the future of hospital pharmacy

• Published in: The International journal of pharmacy practice Vol. 27; no. 6; pp. 528 - 535
• Main Authors: Law, Miranda G., Marriott, Jennifer, Usifoh, Cyril, Acheampong, Franklin, Muungo, Lungwani, Adome, Richard Odoi, Monera‐Penduka, Tsitsi G., Ndzabala, Nettie, Eckel, Stephen F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-12-2019
• Subjects: Africa South of the Sahara; Basel Statements; hospital pharmacy practice; Hospitals; Humans; International Pharmaceutical Federation; Internationality; Pharmacists; Pharmacy; pharmacy best practices; Pharmacy Service, Hospital - organization & administration; Pharmacy Service, Hospital - standards; Quality of Health Care; sub‐Saharan Africa; Surveys and Questionnaires; Africa South of the Sahara; Uganda; Ghana; Zambia; Nigeria; Malawi; Africa; Basel Statements; pharmacy best practices; sub-Saharan Africa; International Pharmaceutical Federation; hospital pharmacy practice
• DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12560
• EISSN: 2042-7174
• ISSN: 0961-7671

Objectives
The objective of this study was to update the self‐assessment tool and to evaluate current hospital pharmacy practices in six sub‐Saharan African countries.
Methods
Questions in the validated survey were edited if the revised Basel Statement changed intent. A total of 13 updates were made. The survey was administered via e‐mail to pharmacy personnel in any hospital centre in Ghana (258 total hospitals), Nigeria (17 038 total hospitals), Malawi (499 total hospitals), Uganda (155 total hospitals), Zambia (98 total hospitals) and Zimbabwe (1389 total hospitals). Snowball sampling increased reach of the survey across each country.
Key findings
Responses were received from all six countries, with nine respondents from Ghana, 15 from Nigeria, two from Malawi, five from Uganda, nine from Zambia and four from Zimbabawe. Uganda had the highest achievement rates for tier one and tier three constructs, and Ghana had the highest achievement rate for tier two constructs. Malawi showed the lowest achievement rates in all three tiers. The six countries achieved an average of 82 per cent (SD = 24) of tier one constructs. Three tier one constructs were achieved less than 25 per cent of the time.
Conclusion
Multiple tier one (minimum standards in hospital pharmacy practice) constructs were achieved greater than 90% of the time, possibly reflecting efforts made towards hospital pharmacy practice advancement in select countries of sub‐Saharan Africa. Additionally, all countries achieved a majority of tier one overarching constructs. Despite these achievements, there are still many areas for growth, including select tier one constructs with low achievement rates.