Spatial coherence of backscatter for the nonlinearly produced second harmonic for specific transmit apodizations

• Published in: IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Vol. 51; no. 5; pp. 576 - 588
• Main Authors: Fedewa, R.J., Wallace, K.D., Holland, M.R., Jago, J.R., Ng, G.C., Rielly, M.R., Robinson, B.S., Miller, J.G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY IEEE 01-05-2004; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Acoustics; Animals; Apertures; Apodization; Backscatter; Backscattering; Biomedical imaging; Coherence; Computer Simulation; Connective Tissue - diagnostic imaging; Correlation; Cross sections; Diffraction; Exact sciences and technology; Frequency; Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications); General equipment and techniques; Harmonics; Humans; Hydrophones; Image Enhancement - methods; Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy; Kirk field collapse effect; Models, Biological; Nonlinear Dynamics; Phantoms, Imaging; Physics; Reproducibility of Results; Scattering, Radiation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Shape; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Simulation; Sonar equipment; Spatial coherence; Statistics as Topic; Transducers; Ultrasonic variables measurement; Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound; Ultrasonography - instrumentation; Ultrasonography - methods; Correlation; Circular aperture; Pulse echo method; Second harmonic; Spatial coherence; Backscattering; Harmonic generation; Non linear effect; Experimental study; Phase distortion; Apodization; Hydrophone
• ISSN: 0885-3010; 1525-8955
• DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2004.1320830

To be successful, correlation-based, phase-aberration correction requires a high correlation among backscattered signals. For harmonic imaging, the spatial coherence of backscatter for the second harmonic component is different than the spatial coherence of backscatter for the fundamental component. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of changing the transmit apodization on the spatial coherence of backscatter for the nonlinearly generated second harmonic. Our approach was to determine the effective apodizations for the fundamental and second harmonic using both experimental measurements and simulations. Two-dimensional measurements of the transverse cross sections of the finite-amplitude ultrasonic fields generated by rectangular and circular apertures were acquired with a hydrophone. Three different one-dimensional transmit apodization functions were investigated: uniform, Riesz, and trapezoidal. An effective apodization was obtained for each transmit apodization by backpropagating the values measured from within the transmit focal zone using a linear angular spectrum approach. Predictions of the spatial coherence of backscatter were obtained using the pulse-echo Van Cittert-Zernike theorem. In all cases the effective apodization at 2f was narrower than the transmit apodization. We demonstrate that certain transmit apodizations result in a greater spatial coherence of backscatter at the second harmonic than at the fundamental.