Structure and Polymorphism of M(thd)3 (M = Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ga, and In)

• Published in: Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (1950) Vol. 639; no. 5; pp. 770 - 778
• Main Authors: Ahmed, Mohammed A. K., Fjellvåg, Helmer, Kjekshus, Arne, Wragg, David S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English; German
• Published: Weinheim WILEY-VCH Verlag 01-04-2013; WILEY‐VCH Verlag; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Crystal structures; Crystallization; Diffraction; Formation; Metal(III) β-diketone complexes; Metal(III) β‐diketone complexes; Formation; Crystal structures; Polymorphism; Transition between polymorphs; Polymorphism; Transition between polymorphs
• ISSN: 0044-2313; 1521-3749
• DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200478

Formation, crystal structure, polymorphism, and transition between polymorphs are reported for M(thd)3, (M = Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ga, and In) [(thd)– = anion of H(thd) = C11H20O2 = 2, 2, 6, 6‐tetramethylheptane‐3, 5‐dione]. Fresh crystal‐structure data are provided for monoclinic polymorphs of Al(thd)3, Ga(thd)3, and In(thd)3. Apart from adjustment of the M–Ok bond length, the structural characteristics of M(thd)3 complexes remain essentially unaffected by change of M. Analysis of the M–Ok, Ok–Ck, and Ck–Ck distances support the notion that the M–Ok–Ck–Ck–Ck–Ok– ring forms a heterocyclic unit with σ and π contributions to the bonds. Tentative assessments according to the bond‐valence or bond‐order scheme suggest that the strengths of the σ bonds are approximately equal for the M–Ok, Ok–Ck, and Ck–Ck bonds, whereas the π component of the M–Ok bonds is small compared with those for the Ok–Ck, and Ck–Ck bonds. The contours of a pattern for the occurrence of M(thd)3 polymorphs suggest that polymorphs with structures of orthorhombic or higher symmetry are favored on crystallization from the vapor phase (viz. sublimation). Monoclinic polymorphs prefer crystallization from solution at temperatures closer to ambient. Each of the M(thd)3 complexes subject to this study exhibits three or more polymorphs (further variants are likely to emerge consequent on systematic exploration of the crystallization conditions). High‐temperature powder X‐ray diffraction shows that the monoclinic polymorphs convert irreversibly to the corresponding rotational disordered orthorhombic variant above some 100–150 °C (depending on M). The orthorhombic variant is in turn transformed into polymorphs of tetragonal and cubic symmetry before entering the molten state. These findings are discussed in light of the current conceptions of rotational disorder in molecular crystals.