N‐(benzylidene)‐2‐((2‐hydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1‐2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) attenuate DMBA‐induced breast cancer via Nrf2/NF‐κB/apoptosis signaling

• Published in: Fundamental & clinical pharmacology Vol. 36; no. 5; pp. 879 - 897
• Main Authors: Khan, Ashrafullah, Khan, Adnan, Shal, Bushra, Aziz, Abdul, Ahmed, Muhammad Naeem, Khan, Salman
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-10-2022
• Subjects: 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; Anthracene; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Attenuation; BAX protein; Breast cancer; Caspase; Cytokines; DMBA; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Heme; Inflammation; Lymphoma; NF‐κB; Nrf2; Oxidative stress; Oxygenase; Pharmacology; Proteins; Signaling; Staining; Survival; Toluidine; Toluidine blue; Tumors; DMBA; NF-κB; breast cancer; Nrf2; oxidative stress
• ISSN: 0767-3981; 1472-8206
• DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12775

The present study investigated the effect of the N‐(benzylidene)‐2‐((2‐hydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazides (1‐2) (NCHDH and NTHDH) against breast cancer using in vitro and in vivo approaches. The NCHDH and NTHDH significantly inhibited the growth of the MCF‐7 cells using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The NCHDH and NTHDH treatment significantly inhibited the tumor size, tumor weight, and tumor volume, while it enhanced the survival and tumor free survival rate following 7,12‐Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)‐induced breast cancer. The NCHDH and NTHDH markedly attenuated the oxidative stress markers and induced the antioxidant level. The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed significant reduction in the inflammatory cytokines production compared with the DMBA control. The NCHDH and NTHDH treatment significantly improved the histological features using hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining, Masson's trichrome, PAS (periodic acid Schiff), and Toluidine blue staining compared with the DMBA‐induced group. The NCHDH and NTHDH treatment improved the hematological and serological parameters following DMBA‐induced breast tumor compared with DMBA‐induced group. Furthermore, the NCHDH and NTHDH treatment significantly enhanced the antioxidants signaling proteins such as nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1). The NCHDH and NTHDH enhanced the inhibitor of NF‐κB (IκB) level, while it attenuated the NF‐κB level. Similarly, the NCHDH and NTHDH showed marked increase in the apoptosis proteins such as Caspase‐3, Caspase‐9, and Bcl‐2 Associated X‐protein (Bax), while it inhibited the B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) expression. In conclusion, the NCHDH and NTHDH significantly improved the DMBA‐induced breast cancer via attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines.