Pedicled Temporalis Muscle Flap for Craniofacial Reconstruction: A 35-Year Clinical Experience with 366 Flaps
In the past 130 years, the temporalis muscle flap has been used for a variety of different indications. In this age of microsurgery and perforator flaps, the temporalis muscle flap still has many useful applications for craniofacial reconstruction. Three hundred sixty-six temporalis muscle flaps wer...
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| Published in: | Plastic and reconstructive surgery (1963) Vol. 139; no. 2; pp. 468e - 476e |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons
01-02-2017
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| Abstract | In the past 130 years, the temporalis muscle flap has been used for a variety of different indications. In this age of microsurgery and perforator flaps, the temporalis muscle flap still has many useful applications for craniofacial reconstruction.
Three hundred sixty-six temporalis muscle flaps were performed in a single center between 1978 and 2012. The authors divided the cases into two series-before and after 1994-because, after 1994, they started to perform free flap reconstructions, and indications for reconstruction with a temporalis muscle flap were changed RESULTS:: In the series after 1994, flaps were most commonly used for reconstruction of defects in the maxilla, mandible, and oropharynx, in addition to facial reanimation and filling of orbital defects. Complications included total flap necrosis (1.6 percent) and partial flap necrosis (10.7 percent). The rate of material extrusion at the donor site decreased after porous polyethylene was uniformly used for reconstruction from 17.1 to 7.9 percent.
The pedicled temporalis muscle flap continues to have many applications in craniofacial reconstruction. With increasing use of free flaps, the authors' indications for the pedicled temporalis muscle flap are now restricted to (1) orbital filling for congenital or acquired anophthalmia; (2) filling of unilateral maxillectomy defects; and (3) facial reanimation in selected cases of facial nerve palsy.
Therapeutic, IV. |
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| AbstractList | In the past 130 years, the temporalis muscle flap has been used for a variety of different indications. In this age of microsurgery and perforator flaps, the temporalis muscle flap still has many useful applications for craniofacial reconstruction.
Three hundred sixty-six temporalis muscle flaps were performed in a single center between 1978 and 2012. The authors divided the cases into two series-before and after 1994-because, after 1994, they started to perform free flap reconstructions, and indications for reconstruction with a temporalis muscle flap were changed RESULTS:: In the series after 1994, flaps were most commonly used for reconstruction of defects in the maxilla, mandible, and oropharynx, in addition to facial reanimation and filling of orbital defects. Complications included total flap necrosis (1.6 percent) and partial flap necrosis (10.7 percent). The rate of material extrusion at the donor site decreased after porous polyethylene was uniformly used for reconstruction from 17.1 to 7.9 percent.
The pedicled temporalis muscle flap continues to have many applications in craniofacial reconstruction. With increasing use of free flaps, the authors' indications for the pedicled temporalis muscle flap are now restricted to (1) orbital filling for congenital or acquired anophthalmia; (2) filling of unilateral maxillectomy defects; and (3) facial reanimation in selected cases of facial nerve palsy.
Therapeutic, IV. BACKGROUNDIn the past 130 years, the temporalis muscle flap has been used for a variety of different indications. In this age of microsurgery and perforator flaps, the temporalis muscle flap still has many useful applications for craniofacial reconstruction. METHODSThree hundred sixty-six temporalis muscle flaps were performed in a single center between 1978 and 2012. The authors divided the cases into two series-before and after 1994-because, after 1994, they started to perform free flap reconstructions, and indications for reconstruction with a temporalis muscle flap were changed RESULTS:: In the series after 1994, flaps were most commonly used for reconstruction of defects in the maxilla, mandible, and oropharynx, in addition to facial reanimation and filling of orbital defects. Complications included total flap necrosis (1.6 percent) and partial flap necrosis (10.7 percent). The rate of material extrusion at the donor site decreased after porous polyethylene was uniformly used for reconstruction from 17.1 to 7.9 percent. CONCLUSIONSThe pedicled temporalis muscle flap continues to have many applications in craniofacial reconstruction. With increasing use of free flaps, the authors' indications for the pedicled temporalis muscle flap are now restricted to (1) orbital filling for congenital or acquired anophthalmia; (2) filling of unilateral maxillectomy defects; and (3) facial reanimation in selected cases of facial nerve palsy. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCETherapeutic, IV. |
| Author | Nordera, Paolo Chim, Harvey Cusino, Claudio Castiglione, Giusy Pinna, Vittore Roberto, Squaquara Brunello, Massimo Baciliero, Ugo Spanio di Spilimbergo, Stefano Mardini, Samir |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stefano surname: Spanio di Spilimbergo fullname: Spanio di Spilimbergo, Stefano organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla – sequence: 2 givenname: Paolo surname: Nordera fullname: Nordera, Paolo organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla – sequence: 3 givenname: Samir surname: Mardini fullname: Mardini, Samir organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla – sequence: 4 givenname: Giusy surname: Castiglione fullname: Castiglione, Giusy organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla – sequence: 5 givenname: Harvey surname: Chim fullname: Chim, Harvey organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla – sequence: 6 givenname: Vittore surname: Pinna fullname: Pinna, Vittore organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla – sequence: 7 givenname: Massimo surname: Brunello fullname: Brunello, Massimo organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla – sequence: 8 givenname: Claudio surname: Cusino fullname: Cusino, Claudio organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla – sequence: 9 givenname: Squaquara surname: Roberto fullname: Roberto, Squaquara organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla – sequence: 10 givenname: Ugo surname: Baciliero fullname: Baciliero, Ugo organization: Vicenza, Italy; Rochester, Minn.; and Miami, Fla |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28121882$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1097/00000637-199906000-00011 10.1097/01.PRS.0000041989.87773.0F 10.1097/00001665-200011030-00011 10.1097/00006534-199809010-00015 10.1097/00006534-196302000-00001 10.1097/00001665-199711000-00013 10.1016/S0278-2391(00)80019-1 10.1080/02844310050160169 10.1097/00005537-200110000-00009 10.1016/S1061-3315(18)30099-4 10.1097/01.PRS.0000041941.98504.B6 10.1097/00006534-199611000-00008 10.1016/0278-2391(94)90396-4 10.1097/01.PRS.0000110370.67325.ED 10.1016/S0301-0503(81)80034-3 10.1016/S0901-5027(99)80065-4 10.1016/S1010-5182(98)80058-9 10.1097/00000637-200301000-00007 10.1016/0278-2391(91)90141-8 10.1016/S0278-2391(89)80119-3 10.1016/S0094-1298(02)00021-4 10.1288/00005537-198711000-00017 10.1016/0002-9610(84)90375-1 10.1097/01.PRS.0000056866.80665.7A 10.1097/00006534-200109150-00001 10.1067/moe.2002.126077 10.1001/archotol.128.5.531 10.1016/S1010-5182(05)80209-4 10.1016/S0007-1226(73)80035-9 10.1097/00006534-200009010-00007 10.1097/00006534-199311000-00010 |
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| References | Clauser (R2-20230803) 1995; 23 Bradley (R11-20230803) 1981; 9 Sakuraba (R24-20230803) 2003; 111 Schwabegger (R34-20230803) 2004; 113 Yaremchuk (R15-20230803) 2003; 111 Hanasono (R9-20230803) 2001; 111 Browne (R23-20230803) 2002; 128 Maegawa (R21-20230803) 1999; 42 MacIntosh (R35-20230803) 2000; 58 Feinberg (R36-20230803) 1996; 4 Arden (R18-20230803) 1987; 97 Khouri (R14-20230803) 1998; 102 Tessier (R12-20230803) 1982; 27 Demas (R32-20230803) 1989; 47 Abubaker (R7-20230803) 2002; 94 Aihara (R27-20230803) 1998; 26 Chana (R20-20230803) 2003; 111 Cordeiro (R3-20230803) 1996; 98 Horowitz (R19-20230803) 1984; 148 Wilson (R16-20230803) 1973; 26 Alonso del Hoyo (R4-20230803) 1994; 52 Krastinova (R28-20230803) 2001; 108 Nordera (R29-20230803) Chuang (R31-20230803) 2002; 29 Kiyokawa (R10-20230803) 2000; 34 Menon (R6-20230803) 2003; 50 Cheung (R13-20230803) 1999; 28 Bakamjian (R22-20230803) 1963; 31 Yücel (R17-20230803) 2000; 11 Ninkovic (R33-20230803) 1997; 8 El-Khatib (R8-20230803) 2000; 106 Colmenero (R5-20230803) 1991; 49 Verneuil (R1-20230803) 1872; 15 Asato (R26-20230803) 1993; 92 |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Child Child, Preschool Face - surgery Female Humans Male Middle Aged Reconstructive Surgical Procedures - methods Surgical Flaps Temporal Muscle - transplantation Time Factors Young Adult |
| Title | Pedicled Temporalis Muscle Flap for Craniofacial Reconstruction: A 35-Year Clinical Experience with 366 Flaps |
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