Reintroducing the emperor and repositioning the city republics in the 'republican' thought of the rhetorician Boncompagno da Signa
This article reconsiders the political thought of Boncompagno da Signa in the light of his overlooked praise for the Holy Roman Emperor and his equally overlooked criticism of the city republics. It argues that, rather than just supporting the city republics, he addressed kingship, backing constitut...
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| Published in: | Historical research : the bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research Vol. 86; no. 234; pp. 579 - 600 |
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| Abstract | This article reconsiders the political thought of Boncompagno da Signa in the light of his overlooked praise for the Holy Roman Emperor and his equally overlooked criticism of the city republics. It argues that, rather than just supporting the city republics, he addressed kingship, backing constitutional monarchy and the rule of law. This is contextualized in the aftermath of the peace of Constance, and similarities with the views of contemporary jurists are examined, underlining neglected contractual aspects in their theories of government and the use of the ius Italicum to justify the prerogatives of the Italian cities within the Empire. Finally, connections with the sixth canto of Dante's Purgatory are emphasized. |
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| AbstractList | This article reconsiders the political thought of Boncompagno da Signa in the light of his overlooked praise for the Holy Roman Emperor and his equally overlooked criticism of the city republics. It argues that, rather than just supporting the city republics, he addressed kingship, backing constitutional monarchy and the rule of law. This is contextualized in the aftermath of the peace of Constance, and similarities with the views of contemporary jurists are examined, underlining neglected contractual aspects in their theories of government and the use of the ius Italicum to justify the prerogatives of the Italian cities within the Empire. Finally, connections with the sixth canto of Dante's Purgatory are emphasized. This article reconsiders the political thought of Boncompagno da Signa in the light of his overlooked praise for the Holy Roman Emperor and his equally overlooked criticism of the city republics. It argues that, rather than just supporting the city republics, he addressed kingship, backing constitutional monarchy and the rule of law. This is contextualized in the aftermath of the peace of Constance, and similarities with the views of contemporary jurists are examined, underlining neglected contractual aspects in their theories of government and the use of the ius Italicum to justify the prerogatives of the Italian cities within the Empire. Finally, connections with the sixth canto of Dante's Purgatory are emphasized. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] This article reconsiders the political thought of Boncompagno da Signa in the light of his overlooked praise for the Holy Roman Emperor and his equally overlooked criticism of the city republics. It argues that, rather than just supporting the city republics, he addressed kingship, backing constitutional monarchy and the rule of law. This is contextualized in the aftermath of the peace of Constance, and similarities with the views of contemporary jurists are examined, underlining neglected contractual aspects in their theories of government and the use of the ius Italicum to justify the prerogatives of the Italian cities within the Empire. Finally, connections with the sixth canto of Dante's Purgatory are emphasized. (Author abstract) |
| Author | Raccagni, Gianluca |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Gianluca surname: Raccagni fullname: Raccagni, Gianluca organization: University of Edinburgh |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1525/9780520913035-004 10.2307/2852868 10.1017/S0080440100000049 10.2307/2850918 10.1163/15718190119685710 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198159117.003.0003 10.1017/S0068246200008783 10.1515/9781400853991.44 10.5871/bacad/9780197264713.003.0007 |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2013 Institute of Historical Research |
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| Notes | ArticleID:HISR12033 istex:69FB1367D4915D029BDCC3A48916BAE5BFF208DD The author would like to thank Emma Beddoe, Tom Brown, Teresa Shawcross and Peter Stacey for their comments and suggestions on early drafts of this article. ark:/67375/WNG-8P2L0RWW-H ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
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| References | Boncompagno da Signa, Rhetorica Antiqua, in Medieval Diplomatic and the 'Ars Dictandi', ed. S. Wight <http://scrineum.unipv.it/wight/index.htm> (hereafter Rhetorica Antiqua), 4.1.2, 4.1.3 [accessed 3 Sept. 2012]. J. M. Ferrante, The Political Vision of the Divine Comedy (Princeton, N.J., 1984), pp. 44-76. Gli inizi del diritto pubblico. L'età di Federico Barbarossa: legislazione e scienza del diritto, ed. G. Dilcher and D. Quaglioni (Bologna-Berlin, 2006). L. Loschiavo, Summa Codicis Berolinensis. Studi ed edizione di una composizione a mosaico (Fankfurt am Main, 1996), pp. 126-131. On these crusades, see N. Housley, The Italian Crusades: the Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343 (Oxford, 1982). Bono Giamboni, Libro de' vizi e delle virtudi, ed. C. Segre (Turin, 1968), p. 69. C.T. Davis, 'Education in Dante's Florence', Speculum, xl (1965), 415-435). Boncompagno da Signa, De Malo Senectutis et senii: un manuale duecentesco sulla vecchiaia, ed. and trans. P. Garbini (Florence, 2004), p. 17: 'Si vero queratur quomodo civitas Veneciarum sit constructa, respoderi potest quod pavimentum eius est mare, celum est tectum, et paries decursus aquarum. Unde tollit facultatem sermonis materia singularis, ex eo quod in orbe terrarum simile regnum non potest nec poterit inveniri'. M. Ryan, 'Bartolus of Sassoferrato and free cities', Trans. Royal Hist. Soc., 6th ser., x (2000), 65-89. G. Fasoli, 'I conti e il comitato di Imola (sec. X-XIII)', Atti e memorie della Deputazione di storia patria per la Romagna, viii (1942-3), 150-165 Historia Diplomatica Friderici Secundi, ed. J. L. A. Huillard-Bréholles (6 vols., Paris, 1860), vi, pt. 1, p. 217. J. Canning, Ideas of Power in the Late Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 60-81 see G. W. Dameron, Episcopal Power and Florentine Society, 1000-1320 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), p. 126. Chronicum Faventinum, ed. G. Rossini (Bologna, 1936-9), pp. 155-156 D. Waley, The Italian City-Republics (3rd edn., New York, 1988), pp. 117-172. Monumenta Germaniae Historica Constitutiones et Acta Publica Imperatorum et Regum, II, ed. L. Weiland (Hanover, 1896), p. 202, n. 164. B. Ceva, Brunetto Latini, l'uomo e l'opera (Milan, 1965), pp. 69-70 J. Hine Mundy, 'In praise of Italy: the Italian city republics', Speculum, lxiv (1989), 815-834, at p. 833 A. N. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship (2nd edn., Oxford, 1973), pp. 316-322 Odofredus, Lectura super Codice (2 vols., Bologna, 1968-9), ii. 102v: 'Et quare dicebantur res italice mancipi, audite quod res omnes italice sunt allodium, idest, quia italici non habent recognoscere nisi a Deo ea que habent: unde sunt veri domini rerum: unde possunt emancipare vendendo omnes res extra italiam. Res provinciales, et non sunt allodium: unde provinciales non possunt res suas emancipare vendendo: qua sue non sunt: et ideo res provinciales sunt tributarie: non italie quia italia non est provincia sed provinciarum domina ... et olim quando fuerunt scripte leges, Italia erat domina provinciarum; et si imperium fuisset per successionem, adhuc domina provinciarum esset'. Boncompagno da Signa, L'assedio di Ancona. Liber de Obsidione Ancone, ed. and trans. P. Garbini (Rome, 1999) (hereafter L'assedio di Ancona), p. 147. On its republican credentials A. Carile, 'Federico Barbarossa, i veneziani e l'assedio di Ancona del 1173', Studi Veneziani, xvi (1974), 3-31 G. Poma, Le istituzioni politiche del mondo romano (Bologna, 2009), p. 129. Valla Lorenzo, On the Donation of Constantine, ed. and trans. G. W. Bowerstock (Cambridge, Mass., 2007), p. 10. Boncompagno, Rhetorica Novissima, in Medieval Diplomatic and the 'Ars Dictandi', ed. S. Wight <http://scrineum.unipv.it/wight/index.htm> (hereafter Rhetorica Novissima), 5.4.1.1-4 [accessed 3 Sept. 2012]. see G. Pistarino, 'Alessandria nel mondo dei comuni', Studi Medievali, xi (1979), 1-102. see E. Conte, '"De iure fisci". Il modello statuale giustinianeo come programma dell'impero svevo nell'opera di Rolando da Lucca (1191-1217)', Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis, lxix (2001), 221-244 see D. Abulafia, 'Ancona, Byzantium and the Adriatic, 1155-73', Papers of the British School at Rome, lii (1984), 195-216 Boncompagno da Signa, Palma, ed. C. Sutter , in Aus Leben und Schriften des Magisters Boncompagnus: ein Beitrag zur italienischen Kulturgeschichte im dreizehnten Jahrhundert (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1894) (hereafter Palma), p. 123: 'Vel aliter: "Lombardi sunt libertatis patroni, proprii iuris egregii defensores, et illi qui pro libertate tuenda sepius pugnaverunt, merito sunt Italie senatores"'. Romualdi Salernitani Chronicon, ed. C. A. Garufi (Città di Castello, 1914), pp. 249-250: 'Qua victoria positus, imperator Lombardiam cepit pro sua voluntate disponere, ministros et baiulos in castellis et civitatibus ordinare, regalia et tributa exquirere et magnam partem Lombardie in demanio suo convertere. Sicque factum est, quod Lombardi, qui inter alias nationes libertatis singularitate gaudebant, pro Mediolani invidia cum Mediolano pariter corruerunt et se Teutonicorum servituti misere subdiderunt'. G. Raccagni, The Lombard League, 1167-1225 (Oxford, 2010), pp. 147-198. K. Pennington, The Prince and the Law, 1200-1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition (Berkeley, Calif., 1993), pp. 8-38. Placentinus's opinion is reported in Azo, Summa super Codicem (Turin, 1966), pp. 938-939: 'Sed nec illud obstabit quod impie et falsissime et contra proprias conscientias a miseris Bononiensibus Frederico imperatori Placentiae suasum est, Italiam factam esse tributariam'. E. Conte, 'Federico I Barbarossa e il diritto pubblico giustinianeo', Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il medio evo e Archivio Muratoriano, xcv (1990), 237-259 Il pensiero e l'opera di Boncompagno da Signa, ed. M. Baldini (Greve in Chianti, 2002). For the terminological and conceptual debate on this concept of liberty, its historical development and the related bibliography, but with no specific reference to Boncompagno, see Q. Skinner, Hobbes and Republican Liberty (Cambridge, 2008), p. ix. Amicitia di maestro Boncompagno da Signa, ed. S. Nathan (Rome, 1909) (hereafter Amicitia): 'Insuper Mediolanum paucos immo nullos habuit post destructionem amicos, quia Lombardi rehedificaverunt ipsum non intuito amicitie vel amoris, set induxerunt febrem, ut liberarentur a spasmo. Item Lombardi non propter Alexandrinorum amicitia, set ob odium Teutonicorum et patrie libertatem Alexandriam defenderunt. Turba quidem Ytalica non potest nec debet vivere sub tributo, quia libertas in Ytalia sedem principalem elegit'. For the relationship between the Bolognese jurists and the Empire, see E. Cortese, Il diritto nella storia medievale (2 vols., Rome, 1995), ii. 57-102 H. Kantorowicz, 'An autobiography of Guido Faba', Medieval and Renaissance Studies, i (1943), 253-280, at p. 278 Azonis quaestiones, ed. E. Landsberg (Freiburg, 1888), pp. 67-68: 'Dominus Azo dicit, quod nisi esset de consuetudine Lombardiae vel privilegio speciali principis, nulla fuerit deportatio. Sed quia ita obtinere hodie per totam Lombardiam ex privilegio imperatoris constat, deportatio et bonorum ademptio de iure tenuit'. G. Fasoli, 'Federico II e la Lega Lombarda. Linee di ricerca', Annali dell'Istituto Storico italo-germanico di Trento, ii (1977), 39-74 Ottonis Episcopi Frisingensis Chronica sive Historia de Duabus Civitatibus, ed. A. Hofmeister (Hanover and Leipzig, 1912), pp. 355-356. F. Cognasso, Il Piemonte nell'età sveva (Torino, 1968) La pace di Costanza (1183). Un difficile equilibrio di poteri fra società italiana ed impero (Bologna, 1984) Palma, p. 123. E. Conte, 'Diritto romano e fiscalità imperiale nel XII secolo', Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico per il medio evo, cvi (2004), 169-206. F. Bausi, 'Fava (Faba) Guido (Guido Bononiensis)', in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, xlv (Rome, 1995), 413-419. For Azo, see N. Tamassia, Odofredo. Studio storico-giuridico, in Scritti di storia giuridica (3 vols., Padua, 1967), ii. 441: 'Nota quod cum d. imperator contraxit, licet contra legem, obtinere debet vicem legis, et facit ad ea quae statuit imperator inter Lombardos pro bono pacis. Licet enim esset contra ius, cum ipse sic constituit ex consensu subiectorum vedetur valere'. For Odofredus see Gli atti del Comune di Milano nel secolo XIII, i: 1217−50, ed. M. F. Baroni (Milan, 1976), p. 239, n. 158: 'Item quod toto meo posse dabo operam de conservando libertatem cuiuslibet communitatis lige presentis et defendendo eius bona precipue contra omnes personas et comunitates lige contraries'. On the so-called second Lombard League Q. Skinner, Visions of Politics (3 vols., Cambridge, 2002), ii. 18 Studi sulla pace di Costanza (Milan, 1984). Q. Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (2 vols., Cambridge, 1978), i. 28-35 H. Wieruszowski, 'An early anticipation of Dante's Cieli e Scienze', Modern Language Notes, lxi (1946), 503−514, at p. 503: the remarkable similarities between Dante's Convivio and Boncompagno's Rhetorica Novissima point to a direct influence of the latter over the former, justified by the fact that while writing the Convivio and the De Vulgari Eloquentia Dante became acquainted with works of rhetoric. 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Degrandi, 'La riflessione teorica sul rapporto città-contado nello scontro tra Federico Barbarossa e i comuni italiani', Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il medio evo, cvi (2004), 139-169. 2012 2002; lviii 2010 1984 2008 1984 1968; 2 1995 1990 2005 2006; 2 xcv 1976 1996 1996 2000; x 1909 2004 1979; xi 2001 2004; lxix cvi 2001 1977; ii 2008 1997 2011 1984 1974 1996 2007 1994 1993 1894 2004 1992 1967 2003; 3 1991 1995; xlv 1985 1989 1978 2002; lxiv 2 3 1914 1969; ix 1912 1863; ix 1936 1896 1860; 6 2004; cvi 2007 1984 1888 1982 1973 2009 1943 2000; i 1946 1965 1965; lxi xl 1942 1999; viii 1999 1984 1974 1968; lii xvi 1995 1987 1992 1968 1966 1988 10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0007|hisr12033-cit-0014 10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0068.2|hisr12033-cit-0103 Castagnetti (10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0058|hisr12033-cit-0085) 1995 Kantorowicz (10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0108.2|hisr12033-cit-0168) 1943; i 10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0064.2|hisr12033-cit-0096 10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0106.2|hisr12033-cit-0162 Fögen (10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0020.3|hisr12033-cit-0035) 2005 10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0040|hisr12033-cit-0059 10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0044|hisr12033-cit-0066 10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0034|hisr12033-cit-0052 10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0024|hisr12033-cit-0040 10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0094|hisr12033-cit-0146 Degrandi (10.1111/1468-2281.12033-BIB0030|hisr12033-cit-0047) 2004; 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| Title | Reintroducing the emperor and repositioning the city republics in the 'republican' thought of the rhetorician Boncompagno da Signa |
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