ATL-BP: A Student Engagement Dataset and Model for Affect Transfer Learning for Behavior Prediction

• Published in: IEEE transactions on biometrics, behavior, and identity science Vol. 5; no. 3; pp. 411 - 424
• Main Authors: Ruiz, Nataniel, Yu, Hao, Allessio, Danielle A., Jalal, Mona, Joshi, Ajjen, Murray, Tom, Magee, John J., Delgado, Kevin Manuel, Ablavsky, Vitaly, Sclaroff, Stan, Arroyo, Ivon, Woolf, Beverly P., Bargal, Sarah Adel, Betke, Margrit
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 01-07-2023; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Annotations; behavior prediction; Behavioral sciences; Datasets; engagement prediction; Faces; Human behavior; intelligent tutoring system; Learning; Predictions; Predictive models; Problem solving; Recurrent neural networks; Representations; Students; Task analysis; Transfer learning; Tutoring; video classification; Videos; Webcams
• DOI: 10.1109/TBIOM.2022.3210479
• EISSN: 2637-6407

We propose a video-based transfer learning approach for predicting problem outcomes of students working with an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) by analyzing their faces and gestures. The ability to predict such outcomes enables tutoring systems to adjust interventions and ultimately yield improved student learning. We collected and released a labeled dataset of 2,749 problem-solving interaction samples of 54 students working with an intelligent online math tutor. Our transfer-learning challenge was then to design a representation in the source domain of images obtained from the Internet for facial expression analysis, and transfer this learned representation for human behavior prediction in the domain of webcam videos of students in a classroom environment. We developed a novel facial affect representation and a user-personalized training scheme that unlocks the potential of this representation. We designed several variants of a recurrent neural network that models the temporal structure of video sequences. Our final model, named ATL-BP for Affect Transfer Learning for Behavior Prediction, achieves a relative increase in the mean F-score of 50% over the state-of-the-art method on this new dataset. We also propose an additional set of annotations to predict students' engagement while solving a specific problem, and present models that can predict such engagement.