A High Stability Optical Shadow Sensor With Applications for Precision Accelerometers

• Published in: IEEE sensors journal Vol. 18; no. 10; pp. 4108 - 4116
• Main Authors: Bramsiepe, Steven G., Loomes, David, Middlemiss, Richard P., Paul, Douglas J., Hammond, Giles D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 15-05-2018; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Accelerometers; Batteries; digital filters; digital lock-in amplifier; Displacement; displacement sensor; Environmental monitoring; gravimeter; Gravimeters; Gravimetry; Gravitational waves; Gravity measurement; lock-in amplifier; low noise; low noise electronics; Microcontrollers; Micromechanical devices; Monitoring; Photodiodes; Sensitivity; Sensors; Shadow sensor; Shadows; Stability; Temperature measurement; Temperature sensors
• ISSN: 1530-437X; 1558-1748
• DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2018.2818066

Displacement sensors are found in a variety of applications including gravitational wave detectors, precision metrology, tissue imaging, gravimeters, microscopy, and environmental monitoring. Most of these applications benefit from the use of displacement sensors that offer both high precision and stability. This is particularly the case for gravimetry where measurements are often taken over multi-day timescales. In this paper we describe a custom-built microcontroller-based displacement sensor that has been utilized in a micro-electromechanicalsystem gravimeter. The system runs off battery power and is low-cost, portable, and lightweight. Using an optical shadow sensor technique, and by designing a digital lock-in amplier based around a dsPIC33 microcontroller, we demonstrate a displacement sensitivity of 10 nm/Hz down to 300 s, and an rms sensitivity of 1 nm over timescales of one day. The system also provides real time monitoring/control of temperature, using an AD7195 ratiometric bridge to provide mK control of three separate PT100 sensors. Furthermore, a tilt sensor conditioning circuit is incorporated to drive a pair of electrolytic tilt sensors, resulting in the ability to monitor 2 axis tilt at the level of 1 microradian over approximately 1 day. The sensor system described is thus multifunctional and capable of being incorporated into precision accelerometers/gravimeters, or indeed other applications where long term displacement/temperature monitoring is necessary.