Effect of an In Vitro Proximal Gastrointestinal Tract on Viability of Commercially Available Equine Probiotics
•The proximal gastrointestinal tract adversely affected micro-organisms in six of 11 probiotics with a gastric pH of 2.•Enterococcus faecium was most commonly adversely affected.•All probiotics failed to meet their micro-organism label claim.•All probiotics contained micro-organisms not listed on th...
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| Published in: | Journal of equine veterinary science Vol. 104; p. 103671 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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01-09-2021
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| Abstract | •The proximal gastrointestinal tract adversely affected micro-organisms in six of 11 probiotics with a gastric pH of 2.•Enterococcus faecium was most commonly adversely affected.•All probiotics failed to meet their micro-organism label claim.•All probiotics contained micro-organisms not listed on the label claim.
Probiotics, by definition, are live micro-organisms and should remain viable when they reach the intended site of action which is typically the cecum and/or colon. In humans, probiotics often need enteric protection to survive transit through the proximal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Typically, equine probiotics do not advertise enteric protection and to the author's knowledge the viability of equine probiotics after exposure to the proximal GI tract has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an in vitro simulation of the equine proximal GI tract on probiotic viability. We hypothesized that the simulated proximal GI tract would adversely effect microbial viability and that the adverse effects would be partially ameliorated by increasing the gastric pH to 4. A total of 11 products were evaluated of which six had at least one micro-organism that was adversely effected by exposure to the proximal GI tract and four of which had at least one micro-organism that was adversely affected when the gastric pH was increased to 4.0. Results from this study indicate that some micro-organisms in equine probiotics do not appear to be adversely affected by exposure to the equine proximal GI tract. |
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| AbstractList | •The proximal gastrointestinal tract adversely affected micro-organisms in six of 11 probiotics with a gastric pH of 2.•Enterococcus faecium was most commonly adversely affected.•All probiotics failed to meet their micro-organism label claim.•All probiotics contained micro-organisms not listed on the label claim.
Probiotics, by definition, are live micro-organisms and should remain viable when they reach the intended site of action which is typically the cecum and/or colon. In humans, probiotics often need enteric protection to survive transit through the proximal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Typically, equine probiotics do not advertise enteric protection and to the author's knowledge the viability of equine probiotics after exposure to the proximal GI tract has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an in vitro simulation of the equine proximal GI tract on probiotic viability. We hypothesized that the simulated proximal GI tract would adversely effect microbial viability and that the adverse effects would be partially ameliorated by increasing the gastric pH to 4. A total of 11 products were evaluated of which six had at least one micro-organism that was adversely effected by exposure to the proximal GI tract and four of which had at least one micro-organism that was adversely affected when the gastric pH was increased to 4.0. Results from this study indicate that some micro-organisms in equine probiotics do not appear to be adversely affected by exposure to the equine proximal GI tract. |
| ArticleNumber | 103671 |
| Author | Kopper, Jamie J. Berreta, Ana Alexander, Trevor L. Kogan, Clark J. Burbick, Claire R. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ana surname: Berreta fullname: Berreta, Ana organization: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA – sequence: 2 givenname: Jamie J. orcidid: 0000-0003-0703-6439 surname: Kopper fullname: Kopper, Jamie J. email: jkopper@iastate.edu organization: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA – sequence: 3 givenname: Trevor L. surname: Alexander fullname: Alexander, Trevor L. organization: Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA – sequence: 4 givenname: Clark J. surname: Kogan fullname: Kogan, Clark J. organization: Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Pullman, WA – sequence: 5 givenname: Claire R. surname: Burbick fullname: Burbick, Claire R. organization: Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_antibiotics10091086 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jevs_2022_104037 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1080/10408398.2013.798779 10.1371/journal.pone.0041484 10.1111/jpn.12635 10.1128/mr.52.4.536-553.1988 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.068 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.05.007 10.1111/evj.12691 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.09.009 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.009 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.04.012 10.1186/s12917-015-0335-7 10.2460/javma.2002.220.794 10.2746/042516409X416431 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66 10.1139/cjm-2016-0186 10.1136/vr.111.14.316 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108862 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.04.010 10.1097/01.inf.0000199310.52875.10 10.1503/cmaj.1040876 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.08.020 10.1001/jama.292.16.1955 10.1007/s11894-017-0577-6 10.1111/1541-4337.12532 10.2527/jas.2015-0198 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00499.x 10.1111/evj.12361 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.003 10.1111/evj.13010 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1999.00183.x |
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