Clinicopathological diversity and outcome of longitudinal melanonychia in children and adolescents: analysis of 35 cases identified by excision specimens

• Published in: Histopathology Vol. 77; no. 3; pp. 380 - 390
• Main Authors: Ren, Jing, Ren, Min, Kong, Yun‐Yi, Lv, Jiao‐Jie, Cai, Xu, Kong, Jin‐Cheng
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-09-2020
• Subjects: Children; clinicopathological features; Copy number; Dystrophy; Fingernail; Hybridization; Hyperplasia; lentigo; longitudinal melanonychia; Melanocytes; Melanoma; naevus; paediatric; Pediatrics; Statistical analysis
• ISSN: 0309-0167; 1365-2559
• DOI: 10.1111/his.14121

Aims
Longitudinal melanonychia in paediatric patients often represents a difficult diagnostic challenge, and studies emphasising its clinical and histopathological features are limited due to its low incidence in childhood.
Methods and results
We retrospectively analysed 35 paediatric cases identified by excision specimens on their clinicopathological features, and performed fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation on 13 available cases. Fingernails (77.1%) were more likely to be affected. Total melanonychia and Hutchinson's sign were observed in 10 (28.6%) and 14 (40.0%) cases, respectively. Nail dystrophy at diagnosis was present in five cases. After complete excision of the lesions, four patients relapsed during follow‐up (mean = 38 months). Seventeen cases were diagnosed as lentigines and 18 as naevi, among which 11 cases were categorised as lentigines/naevi with atypical melanocytic hyperplasia. Mild‐to‐moderate nuclear atypia, confluency of melanocytes, focal pagetoid spread and peri‐ungual skin involvement were found in 25.7% (9 of 35), 40.0% (14 of 35), 40.0% (14 of 35) and 40.0% (14 of 35) of cases, respectively. Thirteen cases tested by fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation showed no copy number aberration at the probed loci. There was a statistically significant difference in the following features between patients aged less and more than 10 years (P < 0.05): cytomorphology, mild‐to‐moderate nuclear atypia, confluency of melanocytes, focal pagetoid spread and melanocyte count.
Conclusions
Some concerning clinicopathological characteristics, which are signs indicative of melanoma in adults, are not uncommon in paediatric longitudinal melanonychia, especially in patients aged ≤ 10 years. Owing to the extremely low incidence of melanoma in paediatric longitudinal melanonychia, in most circumstances a more conservative clinical management strategy should be adopted.