Simulation of automobile fuel consumption and emissions for various driver’s manual shifting habits

The effects of different habits of the drivers on gear shifting strategies for manual powertrain were investigated. For the realization of simulation, the shifting habits of the drivers were conducted in the Advisor software to investigate and compare the emission rates. Simulation was developed bas...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Central South University Vol. 21; no. 3; pp. 1058 - 1066
Main Authors: Mashadi, B., Amiri-rad, Y., Afkar, A., Mahmoodi-kaleybar, M.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Heidelberg Central South University 01-03-2014
Subjects:
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Abstract The effects of different habits of the drivers on gear shifting strategies for manual powertrain were investigated. For the realization of simulation, the shifting habits of the drivers were conducted in the Advisor software to investigate and compare the emission rates. Simulation was developed based on the optimal gear shifting strategy and criteria and was validated both in fuel economy and emissions by analyzing the results in the various driving cycle and driving styles. To explore an optimal gear shifting strategy with best fuel economy and lowest emission for a manual transmission, a strategy was designed with a highest possible gear criterion as long as the torque requirement can be satisfied. Based on two different criteria, namely the engine working conditions and the driver’s intention, the governing parameters in decision making for gear shifting of manual transmission in conventional engine were discussed. It is also shown that the optimum gear shifting strategy is based on that both the engine state and the driver’s intention eliminates unnecessary shiftings that are present when the intention is overlooked. The optimum shifting habit and the best driving cycle in terms of minimum emissions and fuel consumption were proposed.
AbstractList The effects of different habits of the drivers on gear shifting strategies for manual powertrain were investigated. For the realization of simulation, the shifting habits of the drivers were conducted in the Advisor software to investigate and compare the emission rates. Simulation was developed based on the optimal gear shifting strategy and criteria and was validated both in fuel economy and emissions by analyzing the results in the various driving cycle and driving styles. To explore an optimal gear shifting strategy with best fuel economy and lowest emission for a manual transmission, a strategy was designed with a highest possible gear criterion as long as the torque requirement can be satisfied. Based on two different criteria, namely the engine working conditions and the driver’s intention, the governing parameters in decision making for gear shifting of manual transmission in conventional engine were discussed. It is also shown that the optimum gear shifting strategy is based on that both the engine state and the driver’s intention eliminates unnecessary shiftings that are present when the intention is overlooked. The optimum shifting habit and the best driving cycle in terms of minimum emissions and fuel consumption were proposed.
Author Afkar, A.
Amiri-rad, Y.
Mahmoodi-kaleybar, M.
Mashadi, B.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: B.
  surname: Mashadi
  fullname: Mashadi, B.
  organization: School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Y.
  surname: Amiri-rad
  fullname: Amiri-rad, Y.
  organization: School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology
– sequence: 3
  givenname: A.
  surname: Afkar
  fullname: Afkar, A.
  organization: School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology
– sequence: 4
  givenname: M.
  surname: Mahmoodi-kaleybar
  fullname: Mahmoodi-kaleybar, M.
  email: m_mahmoodi_k@iust.ac.ir
  organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University
BookMark eNp9kM1OAyEUhYmpibX2AdzxAigwMzAsTeNPkyYu1DUBCi1mBhqYaerO1_D1fBKpde3q3txzz8nJdwkmIQYLwDXBNwRjfpsJ4ZwgTGpEccXR4QxMKaUcNZRWk7Jj0SDaCnEB5jl7jStCWcUEmwL74vuxU4OPAUYH1TjEPmrfWehG20ETQx773a-swhra3peAcoQuJrhXyccxw3Xye5u-P78y7FUYVQfz1rvBhw3cKu2HfAXOneqynf_NGXh7uH9dPKHV8-NycbdCpqL1gCgRuGa0JrWoOdPGUWeYJdrgUlkwYoXTTaO1EqbS69aQxuHWido6rlrr2moGyCnXpJhzsk7uku9V-pAEyyMqeUIlCyp5RCUPxUNPnlx-w8Ym-R7HFErNf0w_UQlyOg
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1002_2050_7038_12527
crossref_primary_10_1155_2014_912851
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mechmachtheory_2020_104123
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11771_021_4709_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_engappai_2024_108777
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trd_2020_102294
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_enconman_2021_114222
crossref_primary_10_1080_15397734_2015_1094669
crossref_primary_10_17341_gazimmfd_337610
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2022_117903
crossref_primary_10_1080_15397734_2017_1330156
crossref_primary_10_1088_1757_899X_715_1_012055
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_energy_2022_124769
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3038936
Cites_doi 10.1007/BF03225012
10.1787/235707302115
10.1007/3-540-26484-1_8
10.1016/j.ymssp.2012.02.008
10.1504/IJHVS.2000.005258
10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2012.09.007
10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.08.018
10.1080/15397734.2012.756719
10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1128
10.3901/JME.2005.12.234
10.1504/IJHVS.2001.001152
10.1080/00423119508969097
10.1504/IJVD.2006.008459
10.1007/s12239-011-0054-4
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Central South University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Copyright_xml – notice: Central South University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
DOI 10.1007/s11771-014-2037-x
DatabaseName CrossRef
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 2227-5223
EndPage 1066
ExternalDocumentID 10_1007_s11771_014_2037_x
GroupedDBID -03
-0C
-EM
-SC
-S~
.VR
06D
29~
2B.
2C0
2J2
2JN
2JY
2KG
2KM
2LR
30V
4.4
406
408
40E
5VR
5VS
8UJ
92H
92I
92M
92R
93N
95-
95.
95~
96X
9D9
9DC
AABHQ
AABYN
AAFGU
AAHNG
AAIAL
AAJKR
AANZL
AARHV
AARTL
AATNV
AATVU
AAUYE
AAWCG
AAYFA
AAYIU
AAYQN
AAYTO
ABDZT
ABECU
ABFGW
ABFTV
ABHQN
ABJNI
ABJOX
ABKAG
ABKAS
ABKCH
ABMQK
ABNWP
ABQBU
ABSXP
ABTEG
ABTHY
ABTKH
ABTMW
ABWNU
ABXPI
ACBMV
ACBRV
ACBXY
ACBYP
ACGFS
ACHSB
ACHXU
ACIGE
ACIPQ
ACIWK
ACKNC
ACMDZ
ACMLO
ACOKC
ACSNA
ACTTH
ACVWB
ACWMK
ADHIR
ADINQ
ADKNI
ADKPE
ADMDM
ADMVV
ADOXG
ADRFC
ADTPH
ADURQ
ADYFF
ADZKW
AEBTG
AEEQQ
AEFTE
AEGNC
AEJHL
AEJRE
AEKMD
AEKVL
AENEX
AEOHA
AEPYU
AESKC
AESTI
AETLH
AEVLU
AEVTX
AEXYK
AFLOW
AFNRJ
AFQWF
AFUIB
AFZKB
AGAYW
AGDGC
AGGBP
AGJBK
AGMZJ
AGQMX
AGWIL
AGWZB
AGYKE
AHBYD
AHKAY
AHSBF
AHYZX
AIAKS
AIIXL
AILAN
AIMYW
AITGF
AJBLW
AJDOV
AJRNO
AKQUC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALWAN
AMKLP
AMXSW
AMYLF
AOCGG
ARCEE
ARMRJ
AXYYD
B-.
BA0
BDATZ
BGNMA
CAJEC
CAJUS
CCEZO
CEKLB
CHBEP
CSCUP
DDRTE
DNIVK
DPUIP
EBLON
EBS
EIOEI
EJD
ESBYG
FA0
FERAY
FFXSO
FIGPU
FINBP
FNLPD
FRRFC
FSGXE
FWDCC
GGCAI
GGRSB
GJIRD
GNWQR
GQ6
GQ7
HF~
HG6
HMJXF
HRMNR
IKXTQ
IWAJR
IXD
I~Z
J-C
JBSCW
JUIAU
JZLTJ
KOV
LLZTM
M4Y
MA-
NPVJJ
NQJWS
NU0
O9J
PF0
PT4
Q--
Q-2
R-C
R89
ROL
RPX
RSV
RT3
S16
S3B
SAP
SCL
SCLPG
SCV
SDH
SEG
SHX
SISQX
SNE
SNPRN
SNX
SOHCF
SOJ
SPISZ
SRMVM
SSLCW
STPWE
SZN
T8S
TCJ
TGT
TSG
TUC
U1F
U1G
U2A
U5C
U5M
UG4
UNUBA
UOJIU
UTJUX
UZXMN
VC2
VFIZW
W48
YLTOR
Z5O
Z7R
Z7S
Z7V
Z7X
Z7Y
Z7Z
Z81
Z83
Z85
Z88
ZMTXR
~A9
0R~
AACDK
AAEOY
AAJBT
AASML
AAXDM
AAYXX
AAYZH
ABAKF
ABYXP
ACAOD
ACDTI
ACZOJ
AEFQL
AEMSY
AFBBN
AGQEE
AGRTI
AIGIU
CITATION
SJYHP
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c324t-21904624149476bcf2fc6e1bc0b03961e9fb55bba9c3bd8c15f08f94ef7a8ef83
IEDL.DBID AEJHL
ISSN 2095-2899
IngestDate Thu Nov 21 21:58:16 EST 2024
Sat Dec 16 12:01:02 EST 2023
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Keywords driving cycle
Advisor
gear shifting strategies
driver model
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c324t-21904624149476bcf2fc6e1bc0b03961e9fb55bba9c3bd8c15f08f94ef7a8ef83
PageCount 9
ParticipantIDs crossref_primary_10_1007_s11771_014_2037_x
springer_journals_10_1007_s11771_014_2037_x
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2014-03-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2014-03-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 03
  year: 2014
  text: 2014-03-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace Heidelberg
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Heidelberg
PublicationSubtitle Science & Technology of Mining and Metallurgy
PublicationTitle Journal of Central South University
PublicationTitleAbbrev J. Cent. South Univ
PublicationYear 2014
Publisher Central South University
Publisher_xml – name: Central South University
References YuaC-HTsengaC-YChangC-MingStudy on Power Train of Two Axles Four Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle [J]Journal of Energy Procedia2012141528153510.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1128
KienckeUNielsonLAutomotive Control Systems [M]2005BerlinSpringer30134910.1007/b137654
HadlerJMetznerF TSchäferMGröhlichHJohnMThe seven-speed dual clutch transmission from volkswagen [J]ATZ worldwide200811062633
JoH-sJoS-tLeeJ-mDarkY-ilAnalysis of the shift characteristics of an automated manual transmission in the parallel type hybrid drivetrain system of a transit bus [J]Heavy Vehicle Syst.20018608210.1504/IJHVS.2001.001152
LucenteGMontanariMRossiCHybrid optimal control of an automated manual transmission system [C]IFAC Proc, CSIR International Convetion Centre, South Africa20077958963
Haj-FrajAPfeifferFOptimization of gear shift operations in automatic transmissions [C]Proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control. Nagora, Japan2000469473
WalkerP DZhangNTambaRControl of gear shifts in dual clutch transmission powertrains [J]Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing2011251923193610.1016/j.ymssp.2010.08.018
ZhengC HLimW SChaS WPerformance optimization of CVT for two-wheeled vehicles [J]International Journal of Automotive Technology201112346146810.1007/s12239-011-0054-4
CheahLEvansCBandivadekarAHeywoodJFactor of two: Halving the fuel consumption of new U.S. Automobiles by 2035 [R]2007
JoH-SParkY-ILeeJTanakaHWadaHFuzzy control of clutch engagement for automated manual transmission [J]Vehicle Syst Dyn19952436537610.1080/00423119508969097
PlotkinS EExamining fuel economy and carbon standards for light vehicles [R]200710.1787/235707302115
SerrarensADassenMSteinbuchMSimulation and control of an automotive dry clutch [C]Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Boston, USA200440784083
Ford company. Improving fuel economy. [EB/OL]. http://corporate.ford.com.
JoH-sParkY-ILeeJ-MLeeH-DSuS-KiDevelopment of an advanced shift control algorithm for a hybrid vehicle with automated manual transmission [J]Heavy Vehicle Syst2000728129810.1504/IJHVS.2000.005258
SebastianKDieterBOptimal shift control for automatic transmission [J]Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines201341259273.10.1080/15397734.2012.756719
CaoG-jGeA-lZhengLQinG-heClutch engagement control during gear shifting process in automated manual transmission [J]Chin. J. Mech. Eng.20054123423810.3901/JME.2005.12.234
BastianSTanoTOyamaTARNOULD, Fuzzy Logic Automatic Transmission Expert System [C]Proceedings of 4th IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy System199556
MashadiBKazemkhaniABaghaei-lakehRAn automatic gear-shifting strategy for manual transmission [J]J. Systems and Control Engineering2007221757768
YangZ-gCaoC-xSuY-gangA method of optimal shift control based on pattern recognition and learning algorithm [C]Proc. World Congr. Intelligent Control and Autom. Shanghai2002955959
WalkerP DZhangNModelling of dual clutch transmission equipped powertrains for shift transient simulations [J]Journal of Mechanism and Machine Theory201360475910.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2012.09.007
Haj-FrajAPfeifferFDynamic Modeling and Analysis of Automatic Transmission [C]IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics1999Atlanta, USAIEEE Press10261031
MOMIYAMA F, et al. Advantages in EE-Drive 2nd stage, automated mechanical transmission for commercial vehicles [J]. SAE Paper no. 872252.
ShimTZhangYEffects of transient powertrain shift dynamics on vehicle handling [J]International Journal of Vehicle Design20064015917410.1504/IJVD.2006.008459
ZhongZ-mKongG-lYuZ-pChenX-bChenX-pXinX-yanConcept evaluation of a novel gear selector for automated manual transmissions [J]Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing20123131633110.1016/j.ymssp.2012.02.008
FuhsAHybrid vehicles and the future of personal transportation [M]2009Bocka RatonTaylor & Francis Group, LLC
Z-g Yang (2037_CR17) 2002
C-H Yua (2037_CR25) 2012; 14
2037_CR20
L Cheah (2037_CR2) 2007
H-s Jo (2037_CR14) 2000; 7
C H Zheng (2037_CR5) 2011; 12
G Lucente (2037_CR18) 2007; 7
T Shim (2037_CR8) 2006; 40
H-S Jo (2037_CR13) 1995; 24
S Bastian (2037_CR23) 1995
G-j Cao (2037_CR15) 2005; 41
K Sebastian (2037_CR12) 2013; 41
A Haj-Fraj (2037_CR22) 2000
S E Plotkin (2037_CR3) 2007
A Serrarens (2037_CR10) 2004
2037_CR4
P D Walker (2037_CR6) 2013; 60
A Haj-Fraj (2037_CR24) 1999
H-s Jo (2037_CR16) 2001; 8
J Hadler (2037_CR21) 2008; 110
U Kiencke (2037_CR9) 2005
A Fuhs (2037_CR1) 2009
Z-m Zhong (2037_CR11) 2012; 31
B Mashadi (2037_CR19) 2007; 221
P D Walker (2037_CR7) 2011; 25
References_xml – volume: 110
  start-page: 26
  issue: 6
  year: 2008
  ident: 2037_CR21
  publication-title: ATZ worldwide
  doi: 10.1007/BF03225012
  contributor:
    fullname: J Hadler
– volume-title: Examining fuel economy and carbon standards for light vehicles [R]
  year: 2007
  ident: 2037_CR3
  doi: 10.1787/235707302115
  contributor:
    fullname: S E Plotkin
– ident: 2037_CR20
– start-page: 301
  volume-title: Automotive Control Systems [M]
  year: 2005
  ident: 2037_CR9
  doi: 10.1007/3-540-26484-1_8
  contributor:
    fullname: U Kiencke
– volume: 31
  start-page: 316
  year: 2012
  ident: 2037_CR11
  publication-title: Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing
  doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2012.02.008
  contributor:
    fullname: Z-m Zhong
– start-page: 955
  volume-title: Proc. World Congr. Intelligent Control and Autom. Shanghai
  year: 2002
  ident: 2037_CR17
  contributor:
    fullname: Z-g Yang
– start-page: 4078
  volume-title: Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Boston, USA
  year: 2004
  ident: 2037_CR10
  contributor:
    fullname: A Serrarens
– volume: 7
  start-page: 281
  year: 2000
  ident: 2037_CR14
  publication-title: Heavy Vehicle Syst
  doi: 10.1504/IJHVS.2000.005258
  contributor:
    fullname: H-s Jo
– start-page: 1026
  volume-title: IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics
  year: 1999
  ident: 2037_CR24
  contributor:
    fullname: A Haj-Fraj
– volume-title: Hybrid vehicles and the future of personal transportation [M]
  year: 2009
  ident: 2037_CR1
  contributor:
    fullname: A Fuhs
– volume: 221
  start-page: 757
  year: 2007
  ident: 2037_CR19
  publication-title: J. Systems and Control Engineering
  contributor:
    fullname: B Mashadi
– volume: 60
  start-page: 47
  year: 2013
  ident: 2037_CR6
  publication-title: Journal of Mechanism and Machine Theory
  doi: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2012.09.007
  contributor:
    fullname: P D Walker
– volume: 25
  start-page: 1923
  year: 2011
  ident: 2037_CR7
  publication-title: Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing
  doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.08.018
  contributor:
    fullname: P D Walker
– volume: 41
  start-page: 259
  year: 2013
  ident: 2037_CR12
  publication-title: Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines
  doi: 10.1080/15397734.2012.756719
  contributor:
    fullname: K Sebastian
– volume: 14
  start-page: 1528
  year: 2012
  ident: 2037_CR25
  publication-title: Journal of Energy Procedia
  doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1128
  contributor:
    fullname: C-H Yua
– volume: 7
  start-page: 958
  year: 2007
  ident: 2037_CR18
  publication-title: IFAC Proc, CSIR International Convetion Centre, South Africa
  contributor:
    fullname: G Lucente
– volume-title: Factor of two: Halving the fuel consumption of new U.S. Automobiles by 2035 [R]
  year: 2007
  ident: 2037_CR2
  contributor:
    fullname: L Cheah
– start-page: 5
  volume-title: Proceedings of 4th IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy System
  year: 1995
  ident: 2037_CR23
  contributor:
    fullname: S Bastian
– start-page: 469
  volume-title: Proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control. Nagora, Japan
  year: 2000
  ident: 2037_CR22
  contributor:
    fullname: A Haj-Fraj
– volume: 41
  start-page: 234
  year: 2005
  ident: 2037_CR15
  publication-title: Chin. J. Mech. Eng.
  doi: 10.3901/JME.2005.12.234
  contributor:
    fullname: G-j Cao
– volume: 8
  start-page: 60
  year: 2001
  ident: 2037_CR16
  publication-title: Heavy Vehicle Syst.
  doi: 10.1504/IJHVS.2001.001152
  contributor:
    fullname: H-s Jo
– volume: 24
  start-page: 365
  year: 1995
  ident: 2037_CR13
  publication-title: Vehicle Syst Dyn
  doi: 10.1080/00423119508969097
  contributor:
    fullname: H-S Jo
– volume: 40
  start-page: 159
  year: 2006
  ident: 2037_CR8
  publication-title: International Journal of Vehicle Design
  doi: 10.1504/IJVD.2006.008459
  contributor:
    fullname: T Shim
– ident: 2037_CR4
– volume: 12
  start-page: 461
  issue: 3
  year: 2011
  ident: 2037_CR5
  publication-title: International Journal of Automotive Technology
  doi: 10.1007/s12239-011-0054-4
  contributor:
    fullname: C H Zheng
SSID ssib031263696
ssib051367662
ssib026412149
ssib016993150
ssib024508231
ssib017478267
ssj0001192107
ssib009883398
ssib016971650
Score 2.0889184
Snippet The effects of different habits of the drivers on gear shifting strategies for manual powertrain were investigated. For the realization of simulation, the...
SourceID crossref
springer
SourceType Aggregation Database
Publisher
StartPage 1058
SubjectTerms Engineering
Metallic Materials
Title Simulation of automobile fuel consumption and emissions for various driver’s manual shifting habits
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11771-014-2037-x
Volume 21
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://sdu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3NbtQwELZKe4EDbSmIthT5wInKaG3HcXys6FYrhHppkdpTFDseUcEmqNkgjrxGX48nYcbNbrYSHOAUOfIlnyfz45n5hrE3QWd17cEJMLURGWph4a3OhPcSYu40FKkpbHZhz6-K0ynR5KjV1UXz5d0yI5kU9djrJq2lyDfDg9VWoN-4habHoGxvnUw_zD6upMjR_NwxiJA5sSSNuTtcOy3X1sQgr0YjrDIzWc-NoccglRyDFC1VvhqCh2uTSM8G0r10s0MUY6lPW6H_IiiiWaZT__QdDw3iw2xsMnJn2_8Dzw57Ori0_OReBnfZRmyesSdrRId7LF7czIc5YbwFXvWLdt56VEgc-viVh9QHmpQXr5qa0ww6usXrOLrU_DuG823f8fqWakh-_bzr-LwiJlXefb4BKtvmxDa-6J6zT2fTy_czMQx4EAH9uIVAbUm9sRmim9ncB1AQ8ih9mCDMLpfRgTfG-8oF7esiSAOTAlwWwVZFhEK_YJtN28SXjBurikDs_ODQA_TKGzepIULE97bSep-9XaJcfrvn8ShHxmbCrkTsSsKu_LHPjpcgl8Mv3f1998E_7T5kjxWdUipje8U2F7d9PGKPurp_PQgyPa-ur09_A8f55P8
link.rule.ids 315,782,786,27933,27934,41073,42142,48344,48347,48357,49649,49652,49662,52153
linkProvider Springer Nature
linkToHtml http://sdu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Nb9QwELXK9gAcKJ-i0IIPnECW1nYcx8eKttqqH5cWqT1FseMRlbob1GwQR_4Gf49fwoybNFuJHuDoyJc82-M3npk3jH0IOqtrD06AqY3I0AoLb3UmvJcQc6ehSEVhs1N7cl7s7pFMjh5qYVK2-xCSTJZ6LHaT1pLrm-HKaiuQOK6T2LmasPWd84uL3dtt5KiB7uhFyJxkksbgHY6dlitjkpBX4y2sMjNdDY4hZZBKjl6Kliq_7YKHY5NUz3rVvfS0QxpjqVBbIYER5NIM8dS__cfdG_FuODbdcvsb_4XPU_akJ7V852YXPmNrcfGcPV6ROnzB4unlvO8UxhvgVbds5o1Hk8Shi1c8pErQZL54tag5daGjd7yWI6nm39Ghb7qW19eURfL756-WzyvSUuXt10ugxG1OeuPL9iX7sr939nkm-hYPIiCTWwq0l1QdmyG8mc19AAUhj9KHKeLschkdeGO8r1zQvi6CNDAtwGURbFVEKPQrNlk0i_iacWNVEUifHxxyQK-8cdMaIkT8biutN9nHAeby242SRzlqNhN2JWJXEnblj032aQC57A91e__sN_80-z17ODs7PiqPDk4O37JHilYsJbVtscnyuovb7EFbd-_6Xf0Hr3nnfw
linkToPdf http://sdu.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Lb9QwELaglRAceCNaXj5wAlldv-L4VFV0VwtUFVJB4hbFsS0qsUnVJIgjf6N_j1_SGW_SbCU4II6OcsnnyXjGM983hLyupPLeRcui9pop8MLMGamYczyGzMqYJ1LY8sQcf80P5yiTsz9yYVK3-1iSXHMaUKWp7vbOfNybiG_cGEyDFeyyNAyCyG0FiQwY-vbB_MPy6MqkLA7TnTIKnqFk0lTIg7WVfGONcvJiOpGF0rPNQhmED1zwKWORXGRXE_FgrZMC2qDAl655UG8skbYFBDMM05uxtvqn77h-Ol4vzaYTb3Hvv7G6T-4OwS49WFvnA3Ij1A_JnQ0JxEcknJyuhglitIm07Ltm1ThwVTT24TutEkM0uTVa1p7idDq832spBNv0ByT6Td9Sf47dJb9_XbR0VaLGKm2_nUZs6KaoQ961j8mXxfzzuyUbRj-wCiK8joEfRdasAqiVyVwVRayywF01A8xtxoONTmvnSltJ5_OK6zjLo1UhmjIPMZdPyFbd1OEpodqIvELd_mghNnTCaTvzMcQAz00p5Q55M0JenK0VPopJyxmxKwC7ArErfu6QtyPgxfCzt39_e_ef3n5Fbn06XBRH748_PiO3BW5Y6nV7Tra68z68IDdb378cDPwSTMrwAA
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Simulation+of+automobile+fuel+consumption+and+emissions+for+various+driver%E2%80%99s+manual+shifting+habits&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Central+South+University&rft.au=Mashadi%2C+B.&rft.au=Amiri-rad%2C+Y.&rft.au=Afkar%2C+A.&rft.au=Mahmoodi-kaleybar%2C+M.&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.pub=Central+South+University&rft.issn=2095-2899&rft.eissn=2227-5223&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=1058&rft.epage=1066&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs11771-014-2037-x&rft.externalDocID=10_1007_s11771_014_2037_x
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2095-2899&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2095-2899&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2095-2899&client=summon